This paper presents estimates of delayed childbearing and permanent childlessness in the United States and the determinants of those phenomena. The estimates are derived by fitting the Coale-McNeil marriage model to survey data on age at first birth and by letting the parameters of the model depend on covariates. Substantively, the results provide evidence that the low first birth fertility rat...

Background: Northern regions of Iran have been encountered to dominate malignancies of gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We came to examine the total excess mortality due to the GI cancer in Mazandaran province. Methods: Socio-demographic and clinical data of 484 patients with GI cancer collected during the years 1990-1991were available from Babol Cancer Registry. Patients were followed up for 15 ye...

b a c k g r o u n d & aim: the excess hazard rate proposed by andersen and vaeth may underestimate the long-term excess hazard rate for cancer survival. zahl explained the phenomenon by continuous selection of the most robust individuals after diagnosis. he applied correlated inverse gaussian and gamma  frailty  models  to estimate  excess  intensity  and reached  a better  estimate  of the rat...

Do recent declines in first marriage rates signal that an increasing proportion of women will remain single their entire lives, or merely that they are postponing marriage to older ages? Our forecasts for cohorts born in the 1950s and 1960s suggest that marriage will remain nearly universal for American women—close to 90 percent of women are predicted to marry. However, separate forecasts by ed...

This version of the Human Mortality Database Methods Protocol (Version 6) introduces two changes to the way mortality rates and life tables are constructed. First, a new method is implemented to calculate a0, the mean age at death for children who died in their rst year of life. This was motivated by the fact that, in low mortality populations, the Coale and Demeny formula used until now in the...

This paper demonstrates the approach of extending "date of last birth" (DLB) techniques to parametric models. Estimators for Coale-Trussell M and m parameters are constructed from open interval lengths. A new procedure was applied to Brazilian census data, producing maps and spatial statistics for "births last year" (BLY) and DLB m estimates in 723 municipalities in Minas Gerais. DLB estimat...

BACKGROUND Northern regions of Iran have been encountered to dominate malignancies of gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We came to examine the total excess mortality due to the GI cancer in Mazandaran province. METHODS Socio-demographic and clinical data of 484 patients with GI cancer collected during the years 1990-1991 were available from Babol Cancer Registry. Patients were followed up for 15 y...

Iron supply is thought to regulate primary production in high nitrate, low chlorophyll (HNLC) regions of the sea in both the past and the present. A critical aspect of this relationship is acquisition of iron (Fe) by phytoplankton, which occurs through a complex series of extracellular reactions that are influenced by Fe chemistry and speciation. During the first in situ mesoscale Fe-enrichment...

Substitution of the noniron protein flavodoxin for the iron–sulfur protein ferredoxin is an iron-stress response employed by a variety of unicellular organisms, including many phytoplankton. The relative abundance of these two proteins has been shown to vary with the severity of growth limitation by iron in marine diatoms. During the IronEx II mesoscale iron-enrichment experiment, large volume ...

BACKGROUND The under-five mortality rate (the probability of dying between birth and age 5 y, also denoted in the literature as U5MR and (5)q(0)) is a key indicator of child health, but it conceals important information about how this mortality is distributed by age. One important distinction is what amount of the under-five mortality occurs below age 1 y ((1)q(0)) versus at age 1 y and above (...