Evidence supporting a cholinergic hypothesis of depression is presented. First, cholinergic overdrive produces behavioral, neuroendocrine, and polysomnographic features of melancholia, and melancholics exhibit state-independent supersensitivity to cholinergic overdrive. Drugs inducing up-regulation and supersensitivity of cholinergic systems produce behavioral, polysomnographic, and neuroendocr...

the cholinergic and gabaergic .bers of the medial septal/diagonal band of broca (ms/db) area project to the hippocampus and constitute the septo-hippocampal pathway, which has been proven to play a role in learning and memory. in addition, the hippocampus has bidirectional connections with the septum so that to self-regulate of cholinergic input. the activity of septal and hippocampal neurons i...

Evidence from lesion and cortical-slice studies implicate the neocortical cholinergic system in the modulation of sensory, attentional and memory processing. In this review we consider findings from sixty-three healthy human cholinergic functional neuroimaging studies that probe interactions of cholinergic drugs with brain activation profiles, and relate these to contemporary neurobiological mo...

Introduction: Cell therapy has been widely considered as a therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases and nervous system damage. Cholinergic neurons as one of the most important neurons that play a significant role in controlling emotions, mobility, and autonomic systems. In this study, human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were differentiated into the cholinergic neurons by β-mercapto...

Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is associated with a high incidence of Alzheimer disease and with deficits in cholinergic function in humans. We used the trisomy 16 (Ts16) mouse model for Down syndrome to identify the cellular basis for the cholinergic dysfunction. Cholinergic neurons and cerebral cortical astroglia, obtained separately from Ts16 mouse fetuses and their euploid littermates, were cul...

Cholinergic modulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity has been studied extensively by applying receptor agonists or blockers; however, the effect of rapid physiological cholinergic stimuli on plasticity is largely unknown. Here, we report that septal cholinergic input, activated either by electrical stimulation or via an optogenetic approach, induced different types of hippocampal Schaffer ...

pyridostigmine bromide (pb) is a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. the aim of this study was to determine the effect of orally administration of single dose sustained-released tablet of pyridostigmine bromide (pbsr) on the frequency domain indices of heart rate variability (hrv). thirty-two healthy young men were participated in this study. they were divided into 2 groups; the pyridostigmine...

background: gastric lavage (gl) is one of the most commonly used decontamination method for cholinergic insecticide ingestion in developing countries despite lack of supporting evidence. this study was designed to evaluate the outcome of patients with cholinergic insecticide poisoning treated with gl in regards to timing and frequency of the procedure. methods: in this prospective observational...

The cerebral cholinergic system is centrally involved in memory formation. Studies in rodents suggest that cholinergic stimulation may facilitate encoding of new information but may interfere with retrieval. We investigated the effect of cholinergic stimulation on encoding and retrieval of episodic memory in humans. We also tested whether the putative benefit of cholinergic stimulation on memor...

Because modulation of cortical cholinergic neurotransmission has been hypothesized to represent a necessary mechanism mediating the beneficial cognitive effects of nicotine and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtype-selective agonists, we used choline-sensitive microelectrodes for the real-time measurement of ACh release in vivo, to characterize cholinergic transients evoked by nicoti...