Inflammation is frequent at the site of injection in turkeys vaccinated with various commercial fowl cholera bacterins. Seven commercial and three laboratory bacterins were compared in 12week-old turkeys as to extent and severity of irritation with 3 routes of injection: subcutaneous, intradermal, and intramuscular. Commercial fowl cholera bacterins, particularly those with paraffin oil as the ...

seeds of the castor bean plant ricinuscommunis l (cb) contain ricin toxin (rt), one of the most poisonous naturally-occurring substances known. ricin toxin, a water-soluble glycoprotein that does not partition into the oil extract, is a ribosome-inactivating toxin composed of two chains, labeled a and b. severity of the toxicity varies depending on the route of exposure to the toxin. inhalation...

INTRODUCTION Introduced a century ago by Bruening as a transoral procedure under general anesthesia, injection laryngoplasty is the oldest surgical management technique for vocal fold insufficiency. In 1985, Ward et al. introduced the office-based transcutaneous approach for vocal fold injection augmentation. They described the technique for Teflon injection under local anesthesia using the cri...

Compared to intravitreal injection, subretinal injection has more direct effects on the targeting cells in the subretinal space, which provides a new therapeutic method for vitreoretinal diseases, especially when gene therapy and/or cell therapy is involved. To date, subretinal delivery has been widely applied by scientists and clinicians as a more precise and efficient route of ocular drug del...

Cell and gene therapies have been developing dramatically over the past decade. To face adapt to development of these new therapies, Food Drug Administration (FDA) wrote updated guidelines from 2016 keep updating them. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are most used for treatment, far ahead induced pluripotent (iPSCs), based on registered clinical trials at clinicaltrials.gov. They widely because t...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In animal models of stroke, functional improvement has been obtained after stem cell transplantation. Successful therapy depends largely on achieving a robust and targeted cell engraftment, with intraarterial (IA) injection being a potentially attractive route of administration. We assessed the suitability of laser Doppler flow (LDF) signal measurements and magnetic reson...

BACKGROUND Cell therapy approaches for biologic cardiac repair hold great promises, although basic fundamental issues remain poorly understood. In the present study we examined the effects of timing and routes of administration of bone marrow cells (BMC) post-myocardial infarction (MI) and the efficacy of an injectable biopolymer scaffold to improve cardiac cell retention and function. METHOD...

Prostaglandins F2alpha (PGF2α) or its analogues (e.g. cloprostenols and D cloprostenol) have been used to induce farrowing worldwide in pig farms, including in Thailand. However, the dose, route of administration and timing of injection of these hormones are still controversy. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide information based on literature search and some experiments which are p...

Metals have been evaluated as potential carcinogens by administering pure elements or compounds by a large variety of routes. These include mixing the agent in the food, dissolving the test compound in the drinking water, or administering the material by gavage. The respiratory tract routes tested include inhalation, intratracheal instillation, the direct injection of particulates into the pleu...