background the sitting position, rather than squatting, during defecation has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for colorectal cancer (crc). methods we conducted a case-control study to test this hypothesis. a total of 100 crc cases from two hospitals in iran and 100 control subjects, selected from the coronary care unit (ccu) of those same hospitals were selected for this study. we adminis...

background: considering the negative consequences of using physical restraints, we conducted this study to identify patients who are more frequently restrained in a psychiatric emergency ward as an initial step to limit the use of restraint to the minimum possible. methods: this was a retrospective case control study conducted in iran psychiatric hospital in tehran, iran. we reviewed the files ...

background: the novel influenza a (h1n1) virus was first detected in march 2009 in mexico and then disseminated to many other countries worldwide. in this study, we assessed the potential risk factors of swine flu as well as the most important clinical manifestations of this infectious disease among confirmed cases during early phase of pandemic h1n1. methods: subjects (cases and controls) were...

background: colorectal cancers (crcs) including colon, rectum and anal cancers are the third most prevalent cancers in the world. there are strong evidence showing the risk of the cigarette smoking, alcohol use, low physical activity and some types of diets in crcs; however, few studies explored the relationship between opium use and crcs. this study aimed to investigate the association between...

background: coffee is implicated in the susceptibility to several cancers. however, the association between coffee and lymphoma remains unclear. this meta-analysis aimed to assess quantitatively the association between coffee and the incidence of lymphoma. methods: a literature search was performed for cohort and case-control studies published using pubmed, cochrane, and embase databases. studi...

background: thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. several risk factors were found to play a role in thyroid cancer. the purpose of the study was to determine the risk factors for thyroid cancer, in babol, north of iran. method: 80 patients with thyroid cancer were selected as case group and 160 people living in the neighborhood of the patients as control group. risk factors in...

background: hamadan province is one of the high-risk regions in iran for multiple sclerosis (ms). a majority of the epidemiological studies conducted in iran addressing ms are descriptive. this study was conducted to assess ms and its associated risk factors in hamadan province, the west of iran . methods: this case-control study compared 100 patients with ms (case group) and 100 patients with ...

background: the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between congenital hypothyroidism and several variables using two different adjustment methods. methods: this matched case-control study was conducted in hamadan province, the west of iran, in 2012 enrolling neonates born between 2005 and 2011 and covered by screening program for congenital hypothyroidism. the neonates with t...

background certain social determinants may influence host susceptibility to tuberculosis (tb) infections, and increase the risk of developing the disease. objectives the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of several host and environmental factors on the risk of tb in northern iranian households. patients and methods this case-control study was conducted for one year between 2010 and 20...