BACKGROUND Flow sheet options for integrating ethanol production from spent sulfite liquor (SSL) into the acid-based sulfite pulping process at the Sappi Saiccor mill (Umkomaas, South Africa) were investigated, including options for generation of thermal and electrical energy from onsite bio-wastes, such as bark. Processes were simulated with Aspen Plus® for mass- and energy-balances, followed ...

In this work, the parameters affecting the recovery of copper from the low-grade sulfide minerals of Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine were studied. A low-grade sulfide ore was used with a copper grade of 0.25%, which was about 28% of the mineral oxide, and the sulfide minerals made up the rest. Much more sulfide minerals were found to be pyrite and most of the gangue minerals were quartz, anorthite, bio...

Criteria for the proper design and operation of the bio-toilet have not been established either by the manufacturers or by the authorities. Based on the results of experimental research already reported by us, criteria for the proper design and operation of the bio-toilet system were established. The establishment of operation criteria led to the formulation of an operation scheme where three m...

there was a turning point in each period of time which human has discovered a new sight about the world and nature order in a way, and then has presented this relation by numeral, artful and industrial language. biourbanism focuses on the urban organism, considering it as a hyper complex system, according to its internal and external dynamics and their mutual interactions. nowadays when it is t...

Microbial contamination of indoor environmental surfaces is a common source for infections. Therefore, bio-deterioration in buildings materials really important to avoid, due the negative impact on human health. Consequently, functionalized and sustainable are being intensively studied control microbial colonization. Firstly, it was possible obtain silica samples by sol-gel method with addition...

• We integrated As(III) oxidizing bacteria with Fe electrocoagulation (bio-FeEC). Effective removal of to WHO guideline in bio-FeEC than conventional FeEC. Bio-FeEC created less sludge and used power is a promising alternative arsenic treatment technologies. Arsenic (As) toxic element present many (ground)water sources the world. Most As techniques require pre-oxidation neutral arsenite (As(III...

The batik traditional industries in East Java, Indonesia generally not have a proper wastewater treatment plant yet, so liquid waste directly discharge into the river. Batik dark color, which derived from coloring of naphthol with number suspended solids greater than 100 mg/L and color concentration more 250 Pt.Co. Tamarind seed extract is known to contain natural polyelectrolytes active group,...

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in bioreactors, which utilise immobilised enzymes and cells in order to improve the bioprocess productivity. In fact, there are many specific advantages of the immobilised systems in comparison with the more conventional systems, in which the bio-agents are suspended freely (cells) or dissolved in a bulk aqueous medium (enzymes): • high cell de...

Rock phosphate (RP) addition in cow-dung waste-paper mixtures at rates above 2% P has been reported to increase the rate of bio-transformation and humification of organic waste mixtures during vermicomposting to produce organic fertilizer for organic farming. However, the optimization of RP for vermicomposting was not established. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal amount ...