Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drinking, loss of control over intake, and impaired social and occupational function. Animal models have been developed for various stages of the alcohol addiction cycle with a focus on the motivational effects of withdrawal, craving, and protracted abstinence. A conceptual framework focused on allostatic changes in reward f...

Concepts of motivation are vital to progress in behavioral neuroscience. Motivational concepts help us to understand what limbic brain systems are chiefly evolved to do, i.e., to mediate psychological processes that guide real behavior. This article evaluates some major motivation concepts that have historic importance or have influenced the interpretation of behavioral neuroscience research. T...

The concepts of eustress and allostasis are discussed in terms of their inter-relationship and penetration. Historical research on general adaptation syndrome is examined from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary approach in which the effects of stress are manifested in four areas: physiology, behaviour, subjective experience and cognitive functions. This article provides a review of eustress...

The brain is the key organ of stress processes. It determines what individuals will experience as stressful, it orchestrates how individuals will cope with stressful experiences, and it changes both functionally and structurally as a result of stressful experiences. Within the brain, a distributed, dynamic, and plastic neural circuitry coordinates, monitors, and calibrates behavioral and physio...

Bipolar disorders (BDs) and addictions constitute reciprocal risk factors and are best considered under a unitary perspective. The concepts of allostasis and allostatic load (AL) may contribute to the understanding of the complex relationships between BD and addictive behaviors. Allostasis entails the safeguarding of reward function stability by recruitment of changes in the reward and stress s...

The term "allostasis" has been coined to clarify ambiguities associated with the word "stress". Allostasis refers to the adaptive processes that maintain homeostasis through the production of mediators such as adrenalin, cortisol and other chemical messengers. These mediators of the stress response promote adaptation in the aftermath of acute stress, but they also contribute to allostatic overl...

AMA Chodkiewicz J. The conceptual basis of addiction memory, allostasis and dual processes, the classical therapy addiction. Advances in Psychiatry Neurology/Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii. 2023. doi:10.5114/ppn.2023.129065. APA Chodkiewicz, (2023). https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2023.129065 Chicago Jan. "The addiction". Harvard MLA addiction." Neurologii, Vancouver

Quite well established are the concepts of homeostasis and balance as well as biological and behavioral adaptation to maintain homeostasis. They may be traced to antiquity, both in the Western and Eastern traditions. Homeostatic concepts emphasize the interaction between brain, body, and environment. Concepts of homeostasis and adaptation have been a driving force for substantive research and t...