Model-checking gained wide popularity for analyzing software and hardware systems. However, even when the desired property holds, the property or the model may still require fixing. For example, a property φ: “on all paths, a request is followed by an acknowledgment”, may hold because no requests have been generated. Vacuity detection has been proposed to address the above problem. This techniq...

Objective: Aging is a continuous and intrinsic process of systems deterioration with time. Although the mean prevalence of tardive dyskinesia (TD), a neurological disorder associated with chronic haloperidol administration, is 20-25%, the cumulative rate of this disorder increases significantly in patients aged 55 years or more. The present study investigated the effect of aging on spontaneous ...

Background & aim: Cesarean section (CS) accounts for 35% of all surgical operations in Iran. Post cesarean ileus is a complication of CS. There are various pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical ways for the treatment of this condition. Given the fact that the non-pharmaceutical approaches are better tolerated and often inexpensive, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chewi...

The complexity of human oral functional movements has not been studied in detail quantitatively, and only recently have studies begun to evaluate whether such movements contain sex-specific characteristics. Therefore, the purposes of this study were: (1) to quantify in detail the jaw movements and associated masticatory electromyographic activity occurring during gum chewing, and (2) to explore...

In a study published previously in this journal (Wilkinson et al., 2002), the effect of chewing gum on cognitive functioning was examined. The results of this study indicated that chewing a piece of gum results in an improvement of working memory and of both immediate and delayed recall of words but not of attention. In the present study, memory and a variety of attentional functions of healthy...

An important goal of current neuroleptic research is to develop antipsychotic compounds with the low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects. The therapeutic success and less side-effect of atypical anti-psychotics such as clozapine and risperidone has focused the attention on the role of receptor systems other than dopaminergic system in the pathophysiology of neuroleptics-associated extrapyr...

OBJECTIVES Long-term treatment with antipsychotics causes serious side effects such as tardive dyskinesia that characterized by abnormal movements in the orofacial region. Oxidative stress in the brain specific area is implicated in the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia. In this study the protective effect of crocin on haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia was evaluated. MATERIALS AND ...

Antipsychotics are an important class of drugs for the management of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. They act by blocking dopamine receptors; however, because these receptors are present throughout the brain, prolonged antipsychotic use also leads to serious side effects. These include tardive dyskinesia, repetitive abnormal involuntary movements of the face and limbs for which the...

Abstract: Background: Parkinson’s disease is neurodegenerative with no cure till now, there are treatments that can be explored to ease the symptoms of this disease, and using plant extract we explore possibility neutralizing adverse providing better quality life patients. Purpose: To demonstrate Anti-parkinson’s activity Phaseolus vulgaris methanol pod by behavioural models in Wister Albino ra...