Some parasites move from one host to another via trophic transmission, the consumption of the parasite (inside its current host) by its future host. Feeding links among free-living species can thus be understood as potential transmission routes for parasites. As these links have different dynamic and structural properties, they may also vary in their effectiveness as trophic transmission routes...

The most common transmission routes are direct cattle-to-cattle contact, contaminated milk and milking equipment, and aerosols moving between animals over short distances (few meters), so any prevention method that can mitigate those routes will reduce the size and duration of outbreaks. Less common transmission routes include semen from infected bulls and perhaps long-distance airborne pathoge...

In a grid computing environment, the network characteristics such as bandwidth and latency affect the task performance. The demands for bandwidth of wide-area networks become large and it reaches more than 100 Gbps. In this article, we focus on parallel routes transmission, such as link aggregation, to realize large bandwidth network. The performance of grid computing with parallel routes trans...

conclusions: there are important deficits in adolescents’ knowledge about hbv that requires attention of health educators to tailor educational programs for specific groups. objectives: the aim of this study was to assess iranian adolescents’ knowledge about hepatitis b (hbv) and associated factors. patients and methods: we conducted a questionnaire-based national survey of 18-year-old adolesce...

Fomites involved in influenza transmission are either hand- or droplet-contaminated. We evaluated the interactions of fomite characteristics and human behaviors affecting these routes using an Environmental Infection Transmission System (EITS) model by comparing the basic reproduction numbers (R(0)) for different fomite mediated transmission pathways. Fomites classified as large versus small su...

Background & aim: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The awareness of HIV preventive measures and its transmission routes have an important role in controlling the HIV infection in the society. Regarding this, the present study aimed to investigate the awareness and attitudes of the high school students regarding HIV...

Sequencing pathogen samples during a communicable disease outbreak is becoming an increasingly common procedure in epidemiologic investigations. Identifying who infected whom sheds considerable light on transmission patterns, high-risk settings and subpopulations, and the effectiveness of infection control. Genomic data shed new light on transmission dynamics and can be used to identify cluster...