BACKGROUND In response to traditional zoning codes that contribute to car-dependent sprawling and disconnected neighborhoods, communities are reforming their land use laws to create pedestrian-friendly areas that promote physical activity. One such reform is the adoption of transit-oriented developments or districts (TODs). TODs are higher density, compact, and mixed use areas located around tr...

Hypertension causes target organ damage (TOD) that involves vasculature, heart, brain and kidneys. Complex biochemical, hormonal and hemodynamic mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of TOD. Common to all these processes is an increased bioavailability of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both in vitro and in vivo studies explored the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress as a mechanism inv...

Temperature-based estimation of time of death (ToD) can be performed either with the help of simple phenomenological models of corpse cooling or with detailed mechanistic (thermodynamic) heat transfer models. The latter are much more complex, but allow a higher accuracy of ToD estimation as in principle all relevant cooling mechanisms can be taken into account. The potentially higher accuracy d...

OBJECTIVE To elucidate how demographics of US Census tracts are related to tobacco outlet density (TOD). METHOD The authors conducted a nationwide assessment of the association between socio-demographic US Census indicators and the density of tobacco outlets across all 64,909 census tracts in the continental USA. Retail tobacco outlet addresses were determined through North American Industry ...

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of target organ damage (TOD) and the beneficial properties of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) for detecting patients who are at high risk for TOD and cardiovascular disease in never treated mild-to-moderate hypertension. Sixty-seven patients (28 males and 39 females, mean age, 49.6 +/- 9.5 years) were divided into two groups, dipp...

the current status and quality of urban and regional development has been criticized by many academics and professionals in different fields. at city centers in addition to traffic congestion, population growth, urban and regional sprawl and suburbanization have resulted in unsustainable conditions in many cities all around the world. in this regard, different aspects of urban form, especially ...

Measures of brain morphometry derived from T1-weighted (T1W) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are widely used to elucidate the relation between brain structure and function. However, the computation of T1W morphometric measures can be confounded by subject-related factors such as head motion and level of hydration. A recent study reported subtle yet significant changes in brain volume from morn...

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with hypertension and has been linked with the pathogenesis of increased arterial blood pressure (BP). Currently, whether CMV infection is associated with the progression of hypertension and hypertensive target organ damage (TOD) remains to be identified. We aimed to examine the relationship between CMV infection and the progression of hyperte...

Background.  Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in invasive fungal diseases (IFD). Serum (1-3)-β-d-glucan (BG) is believed to be an early IFD marker, but its diagnostic performance has been ambiguous, with insufficient data regarding sensitivity at the time of IFD diagnosis (TOD) and according to outcome. Whether its clinical utility is equivalent for all types of IFD remains unknown. Me...