The fourteenth century of the Christian period was a time significant transition. social and political environment undergoing changes. Strong, centralized empires were erected in east, while middle classes west started to seek obtain part government. Islamic control thrived during this period, bringing people from all over globe together via trade business. There such powerful as Mongols, Ottom...

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Guilan province is located in north of Iran. It plays an important natural, economic and strategic role in Iranian history due to its geographical location between the Caspian Sea and the Alborz Mountain. This particular characteristic of Guilan has made it one of the most important political centers in its history and in the history of its struggles against the central government of Iran. Iran...

the mass production of silk and its importance as goods exportable and strategic caused its monopoly by the shah-abbas i (996-1038 a.h.) and then the recruitment of the armenians merchants in his monopoly. therefore, the question is what function had the three related factors (silk, monopoly politics and armenians) in safavids economy and politics. for a careful investigation, after a review of...

Abstract This article argues that ṣulḥ-i kull (peace for all) as a specific term was introduced in the 1590s by small group of avant-garde Neoplatonists who worked at court Mughal emperor Akbar. It only following century developed into ethos became ideological mainstay rule both internally, its administrative elites, and externally, vis-à-vis their main rivals: Uzbeks Central Asia Safavids Iran...

the kalāntarān dynasty of behbahan and kohgiluye, known as “mirzayan-e tabatabaie” was one of fars' local governments which ruled for seven centuries and had great roles in outstanding historical events of the region, although our information about this dynasty includes the period of the late safavids up to the late qajars. however, researchers have not yet researched effectively on this h...

the voquea literary school is strongly associated to the periods of timurids – especially 2nd half of 15th century – and safavids from the view of social-political points. the school was founded in the last 15th century and reached its maturity by the end of that century to be continued up to the early 16th century. there have been several sporadic discussions about the poems of voquea school a...

during the past 500 years, iran and russia have experienced many ups and downs in their relations which have been accompanied with enmity and amity. these relations varied from cooperation under the safavids to enmity, war and interventions under the qajar dynasty, then to hostile and sometimes friendly relations under the pahlavi rule, and finally to collaborations within the past two decades ...