Falsification may demarcate science from non-science as the rational way to test the truth of hypotheses. But experimental evidence from studies of reasoning shows that people often find falsification difficult. We suggest that domain expertise may facilitate falsification. We consider new experimental data about chess experts’ hypothesis testing. The results show that chess masters were readil...

Refereeing decisions in soccer has always been a controversial issue. In order to better understand this subject, foul calls made by Brazilian soccer referees were evaluated to determine the potential relationship between the distance from the referee to a foul play and the accuracy of the call. Soccer matches supervised by the São Paulo State Football Federation were recorded and 321 foul call...

Peer review is so much a part of the fabric of scholarly inquiry that it is often taken for granted. I have written many essays over the years that are directly or indirectly related to peer review. These include several on authorshipl-~ and editing, ~ faculty evaluation, ~ identifying Nobel-class science through citation analysis~-~—and even a few on various aspects of refereeing itself. l~lz ...

Background: The role of refereeing and peer-reading in the ethics of research and publishing is very privileged and vital, and changes have occurred in this important part of scientific communication over the years. Despite the diversity in scientific judgments and the criticisms and challenges that have been brought to its implementation and nature, it is still accepted as a social norm in the...

results the total number of time-loss injuries and matches missed rose from 129 and 506 respectively in 2008 - 2009 to 202 and 1110 in 2010 - 2011. following the introduction of ‘minimum medical standards’, both categories decreased (significantly for matches missed). these time-loss injuries and matches missed led to high costs of up to aud$ 37,317,029.29 (2012 - 2013 season). the same trend w...

The increasing use of VAR globally affects the refereeing role and may have unintended gendered consequences for referees. This scoping review 1) summarizes maps research on refereeing, gender, in football, 2) identifies analyzes knowledge gaps field, 3) suggests recommendations practice, future research. indicates that combination gender technology, how they impact role, is not featured Instea...

Continuing our discussion of refereeing, which focused on complaints about the system in Part 1,1 we now examine the empirical research on the subject, the anecdotal literature supporting the current system, and some of the suggestions for improving it. Part 3 will appear at a later date and will discuss the peer review of grant proposals. Again we will review the considerable literature of opi...