This Essay proceeds in four steps. Part I summarizes the quantitative evidence on the pattern of escalation and outcomes of more than 600 GATT/WTO disputes from 1948 through 1999. Part II elaborates on our theory of settlement bargaining within the context of an institution lacking enforcement power and shows how the hypotheses are consistent with the evidence introduced earlier. Part III discu...

background economic consequence analysis is vital for recognizing pipeline comprehensive risk analysis and emergency response planning. objectives the purpose of this study was to estimate economic loss due to fire and explosion in petrochemical feed and product pipelines. materials and methods the present study which performed on 47 pipelines of a petrochemical special zone, pertinent pipeline...

Pipeline transport plays a special role in the unified system of Russian Federation. Today, almost entire volume gas is delivered through main pipelines. The technology transportation natural gas, oil, condensate and their byproducts, constructive solutions linear part ground facilities influence environment. Therefore, issue compliance with environmental protection rules constructing pipeline ...

This paper presents a mathematical model for multi-period hydrogen supply chain design problem considering several features not addressed in other studies. The is formulated as mixed-integer program allowing the production and storage facilities to be extended over time. Pipeline tube trailer transport modes are considered carrying hydrogen. also allows finding optimal pipeline routes number of...

In this paper we propose a mechanism for the allocation of pipeline capacities, assuming that participants bidding capacities do have subjective evaluation various network routes. The proposed is based on concept route–quantity pairs. Each participant defines limited number routes and places multiple bids, corresponding to quantities, each these assigns convex combination submitted bids partici...

an experiment featuring waterhammer in viscoelastic pipes is presented in which the effects of pipe-wall viscoelasticity on waterhammer pressures are investigated. a large-scale pipeline apparatus made of polyvinyl chloride (pvc) at deltares, delft, the netherlands, has been used to carry out waterhammer experiments. tests have been conducted in a reservoir-pipeline-valve system consisting of a...

Cleaning pipeline networks is a routine operation in almost every chemical plant. Our aim is to develop a systematic strategy to generate the needed operating procedures with Petri-net models. Specifically, the proper materialtransfer routes are selected on the basis of the Petri-net representation of all possible paths. The equipment models are then attached to this path model according to net...

An experiment featuring waterhammer in viscoelastic pipes is presented in which the effects of pipe-wall viscoelasticity on waterhammer pressures are investigated. A large-scale pipeline apparatus made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) at Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands, has been used to carry out waterhammer experiments. Tests have been conducted in a reservoir-pipeline-valve system consisting of a...