Solitons are nonlinear waves that exhibit invariant or recurrent behaviour as they propagate. Precise control of dispersion and nonlinear effects governs soliton propagation and, through the formation of higher-order solitons, permits pulse compression. In recent years the development of photonic crystals—highly dispersive periodic dielectric media—has attracted a great deal of attention due to...

We numerically obtain gravastar solutions as nontopological solitons in a system that consists of U(1) gauge Higgs model with complex scalar field and Einstein gravity. The solitonic are compact enough to have photon sphere.

We demonstrate a fiber-based, three-color femtosecond source for simultaneous imaging of three fluorescent proteins (FPs) using two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PM). The three excitation wavelengths at 775 nm, 864 nm and 950 nm, are obtained through second harmonic generation (SHG) of the 1550-nm pump laser and the 1728-nm and 1900-nm solitons generated through soliton self-frequency shift ...

At its foundations, Maxwell’s theory of Electrodynamics, like thermodynamics, is a topological theory independent from geometric constraints of metric, scales, or gauge symmetries. One of the most interesting features of Electromagnetism is its relationship to the transport of momentum and energy by means of photons. This article utilizes a topological perspective to discuss the classical featu...

Since the original suggestions of self-trapping for laser beams 1–3 , there has been a growing interest in generation of spatial optical solitons due to their rich nonlinear dynamics, and their potential technological applications 4 . Over the last few decades, spatial optical solitons have been predicted and demonstrated in a variety of physical systems utilizing different nonlinear optical pr...

Over the last decade there has been a growing interest in effects that utilize atomic coherence to manipulate the propagation of light inside a medium 1 . As an example, using an appropriately phased Raman coherence, one can render a medium transparent to a resonant laser beam with the technique of electromagnetically induced transparency EIT 2–4 . For nonlinear mixing processes, the concept of...