Triazine-resistant and -susceptible Brassica napus L. plants grown under low photon flux density (PFD) have previously been shown to exhibit a similar photon yield. In contrast, high PFD-grown resistant plants have a lower photon yield than high PFD-grown susceptible plants (JJ Hart, A Stemler [1990] Plant Physiol 94: 1295-1300). In this work we tested the hypothesis that high PFD can induce a ...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to develop novel pirfenidone (PFD)-loaded liposomes for targeting to the lung. METHODS The liposomes were prepared by the film hydration method, and their in vitro/vivo characteristics were evaluated. RESULTS The PFD liposomes appeared visually as green to yellowish suspensions and were spherical in shape. The particle size was 582.3±21.6 nm and the ...

BACKGROUND Dupuytren's disease (DD) is a complex fibro-proliferative disorder of the hand that is often progressive and eventually can cause contractures of the affected fingers. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) has been implicated as a key stimulator of myofibroblast activity and fascial contraction in DD. Pirfenidone (PFD) is an active small molecule shown to inhibit TGF-β1-mediated a...

Although cardiac fibrosis causes heart failure, its molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis and examined the effects of the antifibrotic drug pirfenidone (PFD) on chronic heart failure. To understand the responsible mechanisms, we generated an in vivo pressure-overloaded heart failure model via transverse aortic constriction (TAC) a...

Parthenocarpic fruit development (PFD) reduces fruit yield and quality in grapevine. Parthenocarpic seedless berries arise from fruit set without effective fertilization due to defective pollen germination. PFD has been associated to micronutrient deficiency but the relation of this phenomenon with pollen polymorphism has not been reported before. In this work, six grapevine cultivars with diff...

CONTEXT Physicians and clinicians need portable, efficient, and cost-effective assessment tools to determine the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs after knee injury. Progress in rehabilitation should be evaluated using valid and reliable measurement methods. OBJECTIVE To examine the test-retest reliability of portable fixed dynamometry (PFD), handheld dynamometry (HHD), and isokinetic ...

Conjugates of the photoactivated rhodamine dyes with biopolymers (proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids) are important tools for microscopic investigation of biological tissue. In this study, a precursor of the photoactivated fluorescent dye (PFD) has been successfully used for staining of numerous mammalian cells lines and for conjugate formation with chitosan ("Chitosan-PFD") and histo...

PURPOSE To examine treatment decisions by ophthalmologists versus reading center fluid identification from optical coherence tomography in Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT). METHODS Fluid in 6,210 optical coherence tomography scans (598 patients) in "as needed treatment" arm of CATT Year 1 was compared with ophthalmologist's treatment: positive fluid agre...

Two phase frequency detectors (PFDs) are proposed in this paper that can overcome the speed and area limitations of conventional PFD. The AND gate based PFD uses 22 transistors. It consumes 161.41uW power when operating at 50MHz clock frequency with 1.8V supply voltage. The NOR gate based PFD uses 20 transistors and preserves the main characteristics of conventional PFD. It consumes 96.67uW pow...

In this paper, we introduce a high-speed and low power Phase-Frequency Detector (PFD) that is designed using modified TSPC (True Single-Phase Clock) positive edge triggered D flip-flop. This PFD has a simpler structure with using only 19 transistors. The operation range of this PFD is over 1.2Ghz without additional prescaler circuits. Furthermore, the PFD has a dead zone less than 0.01ns in the...