Dehydration is a major risk for contrast media (CM) induced acute kidney injury, yet prospective studies in human patients without ample hydration are not feasible. The freely drinking rat can serve as a model for hydropenic humans. We compared the effects of two CM, iso-osmolar iodixanol and lowosmolar iopamidol, on urine flow, urine viscosity and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in non-hydrat...

DESCRIPTION Intravenous solutions with heparin sodium (derived from porcine intestinal mucosa) are sterile, nonpyrogenic fluids for intravenous administration. Each 100 mL contains heparin sodium 200 USP Heparin Units; sodium chloride, 0.9 g; citric acid, monohydrate, 40 mg and dibasic sodium phosphate, heptahydrate, 434 mg added as buffers. Each liter contains the following electrolytes: Sodiu...

Patients with clinically well defined keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) participated in two trials of hypo-osmolar tear substitutes. The trials were double masked, single crossover studies with computer generated random order allocation and were conducted by postal questionnaire. In the first trial a hypo-osmolar formulation using polyvinylpyrrolidone and hydroxyethyl cellulose was compared with...

The proposed actions of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) are mediated through specific plasma membrane (R1) receptors coupled to guanylate cyclase. A second receptor, R2, has been characterized by its ability to bind to an acyclic, truncated ANF analog (C-ANF4-23). The ANF-R2 receptor has not been identified in the fetus. Our study was conducted to determine the effects of C-ANF on fetal renal a...

There is an ongoing controversy on the impact of isoosmolar contrast agents on contrast media induced nephropathy (CIN). The COntrast Media and NephroToxicity Following Coronary Revascularization by AngioplaSTy (CONTRAST) randomized 324 patients with impaired renal function undergoing PCI to receive either the iso-osmolar contrast medium iodixanol 320 (Visipaque ) or the low-osmolar contrast me...

Computed tomography (CT) technology has seen a dramatic evolution in the recent past that has deeply changed the face of this diagnostic modality. Since the early days of helical single-slice and then multislice CT, CT angiography (CTA) has been one of the most technically demanding applications, both in terms of scanning technique and contrast medium (CM) injection protocol, due to the need to...

SCHMIDT-NIELSEN, BODIL, AND ROSCOE R. ROBINSON. Contribution of urea to urinary concentrating ability in the dog. Am. J. Physiol. 218(5): 1363-1369. 1970.-Dogs were maintained on balanced highand low-protein diets for 3 weeks prior to the experiments. Urea clearance, inulin clearance, and solute concentrations in the various zones of the kidney were determined. The glomerular filtration rates a...

The basis for the neuroprotectant effect of D-mannitol in reducing the sensory neurological disturbances seen in ciguatera poisoning, is unclear. Pacific ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1), at a concentration 10 nM, caused a statistically significant swelling of rat sensory dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons that was reversed by hyperosmolar 50 mM D-mannitol. However, using electron paramagnetic resonance (...

OBJECTIVE Cerebral oedema is a potentially devastating complication of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The relationship between osmolar changes, acid-base changes and development of cerebral oedema during therapy is unclear. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study on 53 children with severe DKA (mean pH at presentation 6.92±0.08). Cerebral oedema was diagnosed using neurological status, response to os...