Shadow Economies and Corruption All Over the World: What Do We Really Know? Estimations of the size and development of the shadow economy for 145 countries, including developing, transition and highly developed OECD economies over the period 1999 to 2003 are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (as a percent of “official” GDP) in 2002/03 in 96 developing countries is 38.7%, in 25 t...

white-collar criminals are those who abusing their official occupations commit profitable, nonviolent crimes. the most important manifestations of white collar crimes are: fraud, corruption (including bribery), employment offences, consumer offences, drug and food offences, environmental crimes, cyber crimes, and customs offences. some manifestations of white collar crime have direct victims so...

Corruption is costly for developing nations’ economies, but scholars and policy makers do not fully understand who bears the cost of corruption. We conduct a field experiment in Malawi to determine the impacts of political connections, socioeconomic status, and shared ethnicity on the degree of corruption a citizen encounters across two contexts – police roadblocks and electricity service offic...

Scholars have suggested that corruption could serve as a substitute for property-protecting institutions in developing countries, but very few empirical studies have been conducted to test this theory. Most existing studies on the determinants of corruption are cross-national, rely on perception-based measures, and focus on economic development, regime type, and market structure as explanatory ...

administrative corruption, is a phenomenon which more or less in all societies have been in different degrees and by no means is not limited to a special group of countries. of course undersanding of each society according to its cultural links is different from the other concepts of other countries; these are many cases which their occurance in a country is a general task but at the other coun...

Official Veterinarians (OVs) from across the U.K. came together recently at conference organised to provide targeted CPD for their particular roles. With the theme of 'Reducing the impact of notifiable diseases in the UK', the meeting considered a wide range of topics, spanning large animal, small animal and equine issues. Georgina Mills reports on some of the sessions.

Corruption was often said to be endemic in Elizabethan Ireland. Yet, few studies have been conducted assess exactly what involved this 'corruption' and whether or not it egregious simply the species of profiteering from office which tolerated, many ways expected, early modern Europe. This paper explores issue by providing a case study one English official, Robert Legge, deputy remembrancer Iris...

This case-based brief illustrates how one hospital was able to introduce policy and system changes to reduce corruption and increase responsible stewardship of user fee revenues for the public good. Although typically user fees generate no more than 5-10% of recurrent costs in health facilities1, these small, continuously occurring cash transactions provide a temptation to collection staff, as ...

Estimations of the shadow economies for 145 countries, including developing, transition and highly developed OECD economies over 1999 to 2005 are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (as a percent of "official" GDP) in 2004/05 in 96 developing countries is 36.7%, in 25 transition countries 38.8% and in 21 OECD countries 14.8%. An increased burden of taxation and social security con...