Bangladesh has achieved a considerable decline in fertility level in the past four decades through a strong family planning programme in spite of its poor social and economic growth. However, discontinuation of contraceptive methods and decline in the use of long-acting and permanent methods (LAPMs) are still the major concerns of the family planning programmes. This paper describes various fac...

from 515 norplant insertions in four family planning clinics, 138 (26.8%) removals were documented before the completion of 5 years. the duration of implant ranged from 15 days to 48 months. no pregnancy was reported during the study period in those who elected to remove norplant. spotting and irregular bleeding were the most common side effects (93.4%) and the most common reasons for early rem...

BACKGROUND Endometrial breakthrough bleeding is characterized by an inflammatory reaction and increased production of proinflammatory mediators, one of which may be epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78 (ENA-78), a chemokine with neutrophil-activating properties. METHODS AND RESULTS We therefore investigated the endometrial expression of ENA-78 in Norplant users as progestin-only contra...

The case notes of 377 clients who accepted Norplant out of 11961 acceptors of family planning methods in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Benin Teaching Hospital, between January 1985 and December 1996 were retrieved and analysed at the end of 2004, for socio-demographic characteristics of the clients, side effects and complications reported and reasons for discontinua...

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess user acceptability and effectiveness of implant contraception in Singaporean women. METHODS A prospective study was carried out on 553 patients who received Norplant implant in our hospital from 1 January 1992 to 31 December 2000, and followed-up till 15 July 2003. The patients' profile, side-effects, satisfaction and continuation rate of Norpl...

Progestin-only contraceptives are associated with menstrual bleeding disturbances; a major reason why these agents are discontinued. The pathogenesis of abnormal uterine bleeding associated with progestin-only contraceptives remains ill-defined. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and leukocytes are postulated to be involved in the process of normal menstruation. Immunolocalization of MMPs and leu...

The acceptability and efficacy of norplant (levonorgestrel sub- dermal implants) was assessed over a period of two years among 445 married women aged 19 to 45 years. Twenty women were lost to follow-up while the remaining 425 were regularly followed-up. At the end of two years, 388 women were still continuing with norplant (91.2%). During this period, there was only one pregnancy (0.26%). There...

Unpredictable endometrial bleeding is the major side-effect of levonorgestrel-releasing s.c. implants (Norplant), otherwise a method of choice for long-term contraception. The mechanisms responsible for bleeding are still unknown and no reliable treatment is available. Several matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are expressed and activated in human endometrium only at menstruation and specific synt...