Software engineers often espouse the importance of using abstraction and encapsulation in developing software components. They advocate the \layering" of new components on top of existing components, using only information about the functionality and interfaces provided by the existing components. This layering approach is in contrast to a \direct implementation" of new components, utilizing un...

We have recently proposed @Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 166101 ~2001!# that any isotropic fluid should exhibit surface layering at its liquid–vapor interface above the triple temperature provided that the system has a low triple temperature. In this article we present an extensive study of systems with different isotropic pair interactions, some of which present a very low triple temperature. We have c...

The present study was performed to investigate the relationship between the concentrations of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) and the CT images in 23 cases of chronic subdural hematomas (SDHs). The concentrations of t-PA and PAI-1 were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Chronic SDHs were divided into five groups according ...

Complex fluids that exhibit phenomena such as layering and separation of multiple phases are computationally expensive to model using conventional numerical integration of partial differential equations. Lattice gas approaches are significantly cheaper to simulate and can still reveal good insights into the essential behaviours. We describe simulations of multi-phase layering in a lattice gas b...

The present study aims at discussing the potential advantages of multiple unit dosage forms (pellets etc.) over the single unit dosage forms (tablets). Pelletization is a novel drug delivery system; a technique which converts fine powder particles into pellets. Review deals with the pellet and its various types of pelletization techniques like spheronization and extrusion, pelletization by laye...

Defects in the layering of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films can be eliminated by depositing from the appropriate monolayer phase at the air-water interface. LB films deposited from the hexagonal phase of cadmium arachidate (CdA2) at pH 7 spontaneously transform into the bulk soap structure, a centrosymmetric bilayer with an orthorhombic herringbone packing. A large wavelength folding mechanism acce...

This article presents an overview of the notion of layering in three types of structuralfunctional grammars. Layering is interpreted in a broad sense to refer to two types of linguistic differentiations: (1) on the one hand, a distinction between levels of coding, namely, syntax/grammar, semantics, pragmatics; (2) on the other hand, a differentiation between speaker-related vs. content-related ...

For video broadcasting applications in a wireless environment, layered transmission is an effective approach to support heterogeneous receivers with varying bandwidth requirements. There are several important issues that need to be addressed for such layered video broadcasting systems. At the session level, it is not clear how to allocate bandwidth resources among competing video sessions. For ...

Superposition is a powerful program modularization and structuring method for developing parallel and distributed systems by adding new functionality to an algorithm while preserving the original computation The superposition method will thus structure the distributed algorithm in a number of mechanisms on top of the original computation In this paper the derivation using the super position met...

Digital provenance describes the ancestry or history of a digital object. Most existing provenance systems, however, operate at only one level of abstraction: the system call layer, a workflow specification, or the high-level constructs of a particular application. The provenance collectable in each of these layers is different, and all of it can be important. Single-layer systems fail to accou...