BACKGROUND There are a number of adjuvants to be used for local anesthetics in spinal block. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the possible effect of intrathecal midazolam compared with bupivacaine as adjuvants in spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine in chronic opium abuses. METHODS In a double blind, randomized clinical trial, 90 opium abuser patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic su...

conclusions the findings showed that adding sufentanil or midazolam to bupivacaine shortens the onset of spinal anesthesia and increases the time duration of anesthesia; however it does not change the motor block recovery time. adding sufentanil delays the first request for narcotic analgesics while adding midazolam leads to a decrease in nausea and hypotension. adding sufentanil or midazolam d...

BACKGROUND Two major neurotransmitters, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the excitatory amino acid, glutamate, may be involved in nociception in the spinal cord. GABA and glutamate receptors may operate in concert to modify signals in the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spinal analgesic interaction between midazolam, a benzodiazepine-GABA(A) receptor a...

BACKGROUND Although intrathecal administration of midazolam has been found to produce analgesia, how midazolam exerts this effect is not understood fully at the neuronal level in the spinal cord. METHODS The effects of midazolam on either electrically evoked or spontaneous inhibitory transmission and on a response to exogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a GABA(A)-receptor agonist, muscim...

background: ketamine increases blood pressure and heart rate. propofol is an anesthetic drug with rapid recovery, but it causes respiratory depression, low heart rate and low blood pressure. combination of ketamine and propofol provides sedation, analgesia, and rapid recovery with hemodynamic stability and minimal respiratory depression. there have been a few studies about the effect of differe...

BACKGROUND Although intrathecal administration of midazolam, a water-soluble imidazobenzodiazepine derivative, has been found to produce analgesia, how it exerts this effect at the neuronal level in the spinal cord is not fully understood. METHODS The effects of midazolam on electrically evoked and spontaneous excitatory transmission were examined in lamina II neurons of adult rat spinal cord...

Background: Ketamine increases blood pressure and heart rate. Propofol is an anesthetic drug with rapid recovery, but it causes respiratory depression, low heart rate and low blood pressure. Combination of ketamine and propofol provides sedation, analgesia, and rapid recovery with hemodynamic stability and minimal respiratory depression. There have been a few studies about the effect of differe...