OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the time spent for direct (DBB - direct bracket bonding) and indirect (IBB - indirect bracket bonding) bracket bonding techniques. The time length of laboratorial (IBB) and clinical steps (DBB and IBB) as well as the prevalence of loose bracket after a 24-week follow-up were evaluated. METHODS Seventeen patients (7 men and 10 women) with a mean ag...

Previous studies have shown that the size of the foil mesh and surface area of the bracket base correlated to bond strength to tooth enamel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets with 80 and 100 gauge mesh bases as well as mini and standard size bases. Eighty extracted human premolar teeth were randomly allocated into four gr...

A class of new nonabelian gauge theories for vector fields on three manifolds is presented. The theories describe a generalization of three-dimensional YangMills theory featuring a novel nonlinear gauge symmetry and field equations for Lie-algebra valued vector potential fields. The nonlinear form of the gauge symmetry and field equations relies on the vector cross-product and vector curl opera...

In orthodontics, bracket positioning is the utmost part of treatment planning. Ideally if clinician using MBT prescription then they should follow charts to achieve more aesthetic result. Deflection in a chart may alter final result as well prolong finishing and detailing stage. Although some conditions alteration reduce time reduces chances relapse. Generally first look it seems that particula...

Lingual orthodontics has been gaining space around the world due to its particularity to offer a discreet treatment option, “invisible”, in “secret” for the correction of malocclusion, combining biomechanical efficiency and enhancement of the smile during treatment. As the brackets are on the lingual surface, the point of force application is closer to the center of resistance, maximizing the p...

I point out an unexpected relation between the BV (Batalin–Vilkovisky) and the BFV (Batalin–Fradkin–Vilkovisky) formulations of the same pure gauge (topological) theory. The non-minimal sector in the BV formulation of the topological theory allows one to construct the Poisson bracket and the BRST charge on some Lagrangian submanifold of the BV configuration space; this Lagrangian submanifold ca...

BACKGROUND In straight wire preadjusted appliances, all the information required to position the teeth in three planes is included in the brackets placed at the midpoint of the facial axis of the clinical crown, defined by facial axis point (FA). Central to this technique is the bracket placement.Preadjusted orthodontic appliances cannot get the right tooth position with a straight wire because...

We establish that the unusual two-form gauge transformations needed in the Green-Schwarz anomaly cancellation mechanism fit naturally into an α′-deformed generalized geometry. The algebra of gauge transformations is a consistent deformation of the Courant bracket and features a nontrivial modification of the diffeomorphism group. This extension of generalized geometry emerged from a ‘doubled α′...