The most important hail event recorded in the region of the Ebro Valley (NE Spain) in 2004 was the 11 September episode. Large hailstones (some of them with a diameter of over 30 mm) caused important damages in agriculture and properties. The hail event affected an area of 3848 ha and was caused by several multicellular systems. The aim of this paper is the analysis of the associated convective...

The effect of a warming climate on hailstorm frequency and intensity is largely unknown. Global climate models have too coarse resolution to simulate hailstorms explicitly; thus it is unclear if a warmer climate will change hailstorm frequency and intensity, and if so, whether such events will become more likely through intensified thunderstorms or less likely owing to overall warmer conditions...

hail phenomenon is one of the hazardous weather phenomena that can make the highest amount of damage to farms, gardens, cars, rooftops, etc. in a very short time (a few minutes), depending on the diameter of the particles. one of the best ways to study this devastating climatic phenomenon is the use of atmospheric instability indices. the indices which are calculated with the help of radiosonde...

Dual-polarization radars typically transmit horizontally and vertically polarized waves and receive polarized backscattered signals. Because illuminated hydrometeors are not spherical, their radar backscatter cross sections are not the same for the two polarizations. Hydrometeor size, shape, orientation, and thermodynamic phase can be inferred from returned signals. Polarimetric hail algorithms...

Cooperative substation records of hail and thunder incidences have been used as a source of data to devclop more accurate and detailed average patterns of these phenomena. Since the accuracy and completeness of records by volunteer observers are generally considered questionable, a method of determining accurate substation records of thunder and hail was devised. The evaluation method relies st...

ELECT The specific differential attenuation caused by large raindrops and a special form of melting hail is computed and studied. Raindrops of smoothed conical shapes and hailstones modelled by an ice sphere surrounded by a water torus are considered. For the former, scattering computation is carried out by the T-matrix method, while the higherorder method of moments in the surface integral equ...

We present a framework to adapt software to the needs of individuals with severe motion disabilities who use mouse substitution interfaces. Typically, users are required to adapt to the interfaces that they wish to use. We propose interfaces that change and adapt to the user and their individual abilities. The Hierarchical Adaptive Interface Layout (HAIL) model is a set of specifications for th...

The Lin-hail microphysics scheme is based on Lin et al. (1983) as modified by the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Modeling Group (Tao and Simpson, 1993; Braun and Tao, 2000). It includes six classes of water species representing water vapor, cloud water, cloud ice, rain, snow and hail. The size distributions of the precipitating species (rain, snow and hail) are assumed to follow an exponential distri...