Introduction: Chronic otitis media (COM) has been broadly classified into mucosal and squamous subtypes. COM types are associated with erosion of the ossicular chain. The aim of the present study was to correlate the type of COM, the site of perforation/retraction, and the type of disease pathology with the pattern and degree of ossicular chain necrosis.   Materials and Methods: A prospecti...

PURPOSE To determine the imaging appearance and frequency with which arachnoid granulations are seen on contrast-enhanced CT and MR studies of the brain. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 573 contrast-enhanced CT scans and 100 contrast-enhanced MR studies of the brain for the presence of discrete filling defects within the venous sinuses. An anatomic study of the dural sinuses of 29 cadaver...

Calcium and apatite granulations are demonstrated here to form in both human and fetal bovine serum in response to the simple addition of either calcium or phosphate, or a combination of both. These granulations are shown to represent precipitating complexes of protein and hydroxyapatite (HAP) that display marked pleomorphism, appearing as round, laminated particles, spindles, and films. These ...

Selective brain cooling is a system in a human that protects the brain from hyperthermia. Cool venous blood from head skin and upper respiratory tract drains into intracranial dural sinuses. In that region, cool blood in the dural sinuses decreases the temperature of the cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid provides brain cooling. All cortical arteries to the brain pass the cerebrospinal fl...

There is reason to believe that the vagus nerve carries sensory afferent messages from the intracranial cavity as it does from the other body cavities. Considering the arachnoid granulations as a secretory apparatus instead of an organ transporting cerebrospinal fluid, a simple model can be built. Assuming that the arachnoid granulations produce nitric oxide in accordance with changes in the in...