AS we were teaching a multivariate statistics course for doctoral students, one of the students in the class asked,"What are degrees of freedom? I know it is not good to lose degrees of freedom, but what are they?" Other students in the class waited for a clear-cut response. As we tried to give a textbook answer, we were not satisfied and we did not get the sense that our students understood. W...

Field theory with instantons can be partially regularized by adding degrees of freedom at some scale. These extra degrees of freedom lead to the appearence of the new topological defects. These defects which we call freckles have some characteristic size depending on the scale at which the extra degrees of freedom revive. The examples of two dimensional sigma model, four dimensional gauge theor...

gait rehabilitation using body weight support on a treadmill is a recommended rehabilitation technique for neurological injuries, such as spinal cord injury. in this paper, a new robotic orthosis is presented for treadmill training. in the presented design the criteria such as low inertia of robot components, backdrivability, high safety and degrees of freedom based on human walking are conside...

Introduction: Nowadays tendency to apply more degrees of freedom in high-tech radiotherapy systems, and consequent complex process to optimize dose calculation and delivery algorithms, is a challenge of radiation therapy optimization. Faster MLC speed, dose rate, Gantry angle variation, and other degrees, which have been utilized in IMRT, IMAT, VMAT, improved modulation of inte...