A doctorate in one—albeit particularly prestigious—of the institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences is an unlikely background for a democratic theorist. Yet, it is with this background that Andranik Tangian, now a resident of Germany, has taken up the task of writing a comprehensive treatise on the development of democratic thinking from its early beginnings ca. 500 BC to the modern days. Tang...

Freethinking seems to be desirable because the human being is seen as an independently thinking being. However, well known, freethinking should not taken for granted: ideological indoctrination, manipulation and propaganda, inter alia, are versatile tools rulers and, in consequence, regularly repeated phenomena. One of most drastic intellectual turning points history occurred seventeenth eighte...

Enlightenment as an intellectual concept is the result of perspectives many thinkers and philosophers in western world. It has become source deep change culture thinking; it also come into eastern world culture. Eventually, influence that movement arrived at Kurdish literature can easily be found works poets authors. They dealt with phenomenon accordance their understanding poems. Although not ...

the eighteenth century enlightenment is one of the most important foundations of the modern culture and thecontemporary western philosophy can be regarded as a dialogue between the enlightenment and its critics. although the roots of the enlightenment can be traced to the late middle ages and even before, but it is in kant’s “what is enlightenment?” (and implicitly in his critical trilogy and p...

Median thinkers are able to consider things from different perspectives and integrate information efficiently for situationally appropriate decisions. Previous research has found that high median thinkers tend to adopt a global and flexible processing strategy compared to low median thinkers, but less is known about how one’s processing capacity is related to his/her median thinking style. Proc...