Although most resistance genes (R-genes) deployed against virus infections have lasted more than 25 years, the effectiveness of Rz1 that confers partial resistance against Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) was compromised in approximately 10 years in MN/ND by the emergence of resistance breaking (RB) strains of BNYVV (5). Using reverse genetics, Koenig et al. (3) demonstrated that for Eur...

Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and Beet soilborne mosaic virus (BSBMV) are members of the genus Benyvirus (9). Both viruses infect members of the family Chenopodiaceae, most notably sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), and are transmitted by the plasmodiophorid, Polymyxa betae (1,2). BNYVV infection causes rhizomania disease in sugar beet (4,21); however, BSBMV infection does not (28). BSBMV...

We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using eukaryotically expressed E protein as the antigen (termed E-ELISA) to detect antibodies to tembusu virus (TMUV) in ducks. The E-ELISA did not react with antisera to other known pathogens, indicating the E protein is specific for recognizing anti-TMUV antibodies. Compared to the serum neutralization test, the specificity and sensiti...

carnation (dianthus caryophyllus) can be infected by several viruses that some are specific to carnation flowers. vegetative propagation of carnation, can easily disperse viruses by infectied cuttings. during the year 2007, viral-like symptoms were observed on carnation in mahallat greenhouses. 142 suspected samples from glass houses, with symptoms of reddish- purple flecks and spots on leaves,...

Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important viral pathogen of cattle causing several clinical syndromes. There are usually no pathognomonic clinical signs of BVDV infection. Diagnostic investigations therefore rely on serological detection and virus isolation. Nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) as immunogenic protein of BVDV is genetically and antigenically conserved among different isolates....

shiga toxin (stx) is the principal virulence factor of shigatoxigenic escherichia coli (stec), a food-born pathogen associated disease with uncomplicated diarrhea or the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. in this study, rabbit polyclonal anti recombinant a, b subunits of shiga toxin and holotoxin antisera were raised and employed for immunological purpose. by immunoblotting, these antisera recognized r...

We have used a set of overlapping chemically synthesized peptides representing the amino terminus of type 5 streptococcal M protein to localize protective, as opposed to nonprotective and tissue-crossreactive epitopes that might be appropriate for vaccine formulations. Rabbit antisera raised against SM5(1-35) reacted in high titer with pep M5 by ELISA and opsonized type 5 streptococci. None of ...