We tested the opposite predictions of reactance and dissonance theory, two popular psychological theories, with regard to the responses of car drivers to the introduction of the road pricing. Reactance theory predicts that persons who are convinced that a toll will come are more opposed than less convinced persons. In contrast, dissonance theory expects that convinced persons are more in favour...

Peningkatan jumlah penduduk akan berdampak pada penambahan kendaraan khususnya pribadi. Jalan MT.Haryono segmen simpang beruang madu-jembatan DAM memiliki nilai Volume Capacity ratio sebesar 2,74 (ruas 1) dan 1,99 2) atau tingkat pelayanan F, sehingga dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut ditawarkannya konsep Electronic Road Pricing (ERP). Penelitian bertujuan untuk memodelkan probabilitas perpindah...

Introduction Electronic case reporting (eCR) is defined as the fully or semiautomated generation and electronic transmission of reportable disease case reports from an electronic health record (EHR) system to public health authorities, replacing the historically paper-based process1. ECR has been reported to increase the number, accuracy, completeness and timeliness of surveillance case reports...

Problem statement Several European countries implemented external price referencing (EPR) as a pricing policy for medicines, and as such they use price data from other countries as a benchmark to determine their medicine prices. In current EPR practice undiscounted official list prices are taken as a reference. There is some debate as to which extent discounts have an impact on medicine prices....

A road pricing game is a game where various stakeholders and/or regions with different (and usually conflicting) objectives compete for toll setting in a given transportation network to satisfy their individual objectives. We investigate some classical game theoretical solution concepts for the road pricing game. We establish results for the road pricing game so that stakeholders and/or regions...

Costs associated with traffic externalities such as congestion, air pollution, noise, safety, etcetera are becoming “unbearable”. The Braess paradox shows that combating congestion by adding infrastructure may not improve traffic conditions, and geographical and/or financial constraints may not allow 5 infrastructure expansion. Road pricing presents an alternative to combat the mentioned extern...

the congestion pricing has been discussed as a practical tool for traffic management on urban transport networks. the traffic congestion is defined as an external diseconomy on the network in transport economics. it has been proposed that the congestion pricing would be used to reduce the traffic on the network. this paper investigates the cordon-based second-best congestion-pricing problems on...

In this paper, we take a political economy approach to study the introduction of road tolls, using a simple majority voting model. Charging users for external congestion costs may seem an obvious reform to an economist, but successful introduction of road pricing is quite uncommon. Moreover, in cases were congestion pricing has been implemented (e.g., London and Stockholm), its introduction was...

OBJECTIVES This study aims to examine the impact of external price referencing (EPR) on on-patent medicine prices, adjusting for other factors that may affect price levels such as sales volume, exchange rates, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, total pharmaceutical expenditure (TPE), and size of the pharmaceutical industry. METHODS Price data of 14 on-patent products, in 14 European cou...