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Diabetic retinopathy is the most common vision-threatening chronic microvascular, microangiopathy complication of diabetes militias. We have designed this cross sectional observational study to understand role serum lipids and random plasma glucose level with severity diabetic (DR). This was accomplished 210 patients that came us in clinic. There were two groups: Group A - All DM no apparent si...

Abstract Despite the benefits of rebel governance such as increased legitimacy and resource extraction, providing is also costly for groups, it entails constant investment time money well need to protect their properties territories. Rebels, therefore, weigh costs against in decision provide governance. In this paper, we explore impact pro-government militias (PGMs) on cost-benefit analysis We ...

This a qualitative study that investigate the drivers triggered state governments in Nigeria northeast to incorporate militias into their counterinsurgency operation. The militia albeit emerged as communal response violent rebellion of insurgency, however it lately started earning tacit support from northeast. Supports are majorly offered kind such patrol vans, uniforms and canvasses. They equa...

This article develops the concept of brokerage to analyse systems borderland governance that have underpinned processes state formation and capitalist development in conflict-affected Myanmar-China region northern Shan State since late 1980s. It focuses on arrangements developed between Myanmar Army local militias, how illegal drug trade has become integral these brokered rule. draws particular...

During civil wars, some communities raise self-defense militias to protect themselves from insurgent predation, but these can end up mutating into predatory organizations. The extant literature has focused chiefly on the propensity of state-created and mostly overlooked why community-created segue organizations while others eschew predation altogether. This study explains this phenomenon, drawi...