OBJECTIVES To study the influence of the presence of water on the dermal absorption of 2-butoxyethanol (BE) in volunteers. METHODS Six male volunteers were dermally exposed to 50%, 90% or neat w/w BE for 4 h on the volar forearm over an area of 40 cm(2). An inhalation exposure with a known input rate and duration served as a reference dosage. The dermal absorption parameters were calculated f...

There is growing emphasis in the United States and Europe regarding the quantification of dermal exposures to chemical mixtures and other substances. In this paper, we determine the dermal flux of benzene in neat form, in organic solvents, and in aqueous solutions based on a critical review and analysis of the published literature, and discuss appropriate applications for using benzene dermal a...

The absorption of dermally applied 14C-hexachlorobenzene (14C-HCB; ranging from 2.5 to 2.6 mg/4 cm2) was investigated in the rat. The absorbed portion increased from 1% at six hours to 9.7% at 72 hours after dosing and blood concentrations of 14C increased linearly with time. The rate of absorption was 3.51 (SD 0.81) micrograms/h/4 cm2 and the absorption constant 1.40 (SD 0.33) x 10(-3)/h. Wash...

PURPOSE This study compared the pharmacokinetic profile, and systemic and local absorption of diclofenac, following dermal patch application and oral administration in Yorkshire-Landrace pigs. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twelve anesthetized, female, Yorkshire-Landrace pigs were randomized to receive either the dermal patch (FLECTOR(®) patch, 10 × 14 cm; Alpharma Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Pfiz...

OBJECTIVES The dominant route of occupational exposure to pesticides in horticulture is dermal. However, preventive measures are seldom used when handling plant cultures recently treated with pesticides, thus causing significant dermal exposure and potential absorption. Assessment of exposure often depends on biological monitoring of blood or urine samples. The skin often acts as a temporary re...

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting environmental contaminant used in a wide variety of products, and BPA metabolites are found in almost everyone's urine, suggesting widespread exposure from multiple sources. Regulatory agencies estimate that virtually all BPA exposure is from food and beverage packaging. However, free BPA is applied to the outer layer of thermal receipt paper present...

Dermal absorption of topically applied chemicals usually occurs from complex chemical mixtures; yet, most attempts to quantitate dermal permeability use data collected from single chemical exposure in aqueous solutions. The focus of this research was to develop quantitative structure permeation relationships (QSPR) for predicting chemical absorption from mixtures through skin using two levels o...

We determined percutaneous absorption kinetics of 2-butoxyethanol (BE) in volunteers using microdialysis. Four male volunteers were dermally exposed twice to 90% and 50% aqueous solutions (v/v) of BE for 4.5h. To determine percutaneous absorption kinetics the concentration of BE was measured in the dialysate samples collected at 30 min-intervals throughout exposure. The systemic absorption, whi...

The European Union has published a list of dangerous chemicals, along with classification and labeling; in 1997 the list was adapted to the requirements of Polish regulations and has been continuously updated since then. We have decided to adopt data on dangerous chemicals classification in the list referring to their dermal absorption to assess whether the skin notation is required in the maxi...

Dermal uptake of chemicals at the workplace may contribute considerably to the total internal exposure and so needs to be regulated. At present only qualitative warning signs--the "skin notations"--are available as instruments. An attempt was made to develop a quantitative dermal occupational exposure limit (DOEL) complementary to respiratory occupational exposure limits (OELs). The DOEL refers...