Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a T cell-mediated demyelinating disease of the CNS that serves as a model for the human disease multiple sclerosis. Increased expression of the chemokine CCL2 in the CNS has been demonstrated to be important in the development of demyelinating disease presumably by attracting inflammatory cells. However, the mechanism of how CCL2 regulates disease pa...

Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of CNS axons, are highly vulnerable to excitotoxic signals mediated by glutamate receptors of the AMPA and kainate classes. Receptors in these cells are commonly activated by glutamate that is released from axons and glial cells. In addition, oligodendrocytes contribute to the control of extracellular glutamate levels by means of their own transporters. H...

In central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and related NMO-spectrum disorders (NMO-SD), a pathogenic role for antibodies is primarily projected into enhancing ongoing CNS inflammation by directly binding to target antigens within the CNS. This scenario is supported at least in part, by antibodies in conjunction with compl...

BACKGROUND The CNS inflammatory demyelinating disorders of childhood include both self-limited and lifelong conditions, which can be indistinguishable at the time of initial presentation. Clinical, biologic, and radiographic delineation of the various monophasic and chronic childhood demyelinating disorders requires an operational classification system to facilitate prospective research studies...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorders of central nervous system (CNS). While the cause is unclear, the fundamental mechanism is thought to be destruction of myelin sheaths of neurons through immune system. One of the approaches being proposed in EAE therapy is neural stem cells (NSCs) trans...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a complex etiology comprising a genetically determined predisposition and a suspected auto- immune pathogenesis. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model for MS, which can be used to define susceptibility loci for autoimmune neuroinflammation. We have re...

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a demyelinating autoimmune disorder that can be induced in susceptible mice by T lymphocytes sensitized to central nervous system (CNS) myelin components and is a prime animal model for the human CNS demyelinating disorder, multiple sclerosis (MS). Although CNS inflammation in which T lymphocytes and activated macrophages are the predominant cell...

Tumor necrosis factor–a (TNF-a) is a well-studied proinflammatory cytokine that contributes to the pathogenesis of immune and infectious diseases. TNF-a effects are mediated by signaling through TNF-a receptors, which are present ubiquitously. Limiting the actions of TNF-a, either by blocking the receptor or inhibiting circulating (free) TNF-a, is a useful treatment strategy in autoimmune disor...

  Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy is an autoimmune disease with progressive and relapsing courses. The main clinical presentations are diffuse deep tendon hyporeflexia or areflexia and symmetric proximal-distal muscles weakness. Myasthenia gravis is also an immune mediated disease with fluctuating ocular and bulbar symptoms and sometimes weakness. Although both myasthenia grav...

Significant levels of flavonoids with antioxidant properties can be found in citrus species. Flavonoids are a class plant chemical known for wide range pharmacological activities. Notable among these is Hesperidin. It has quite number biological properties, like anti-inflammatory and properties. Numerous studies have examined the impacts hesperidin its underlying mechanisms throughout last few ...