Rodents display characteristic defense responses to predators that are influenced by predatory imminence. The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) serves an important role controlling these responses. The most influential model states that variations in defensive topography are due to distinct PAG regions: ventrolateral PAG (VLPAG) controls postencounter defense, such as freezing and immobility, ...

This article examines the clinical and legal aspects of the involuntary intoxication defense, primarily as it relates to violent acts perpetrated by minor and adult patients who have been prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and related psychoactive medications in a therapeutic context. The Model Penal Code recognizes the involuntary intoxication defense and its potential ...

Recent investigations into proactive network defense have not produced a systematic methodology and structure; in addition, issues including multi-source information fusion and attacking behavior analysis have not been resolved. Borrowing ideas of danger sensing and immune response from danger theory, a proactive network defense model based on danger theory is proposed. This paper defines the s...

Rapid and reflexive responses to threats are present across phylogeny. The neural circuitry mediating reflexive defense reactions has been well-characterized in a variety of species, for example, in rodents and cats, the detection of and species-typical response to threats is mediated by a network of structures including the midbrain tectum (deep and intermediate layers of the superior collicul...

During the 25 years since a motivational systems model was proposed to explain the brain mechanisms of aggressive behavior (D.B. Adams. Brain mechanisms for offense, defense, and submission. Behav. Brain. Sci. 2, (1979a) 200-241) considerable research has been carried out. Updating the model in the light of this research requires several changes. A previous distinction between submission and de...

Our ancestors without fear, worry and anxiety are not our ancestors, as organisms without defense systems were extinct. Therefore, while behavior such as fear and anxiety are useful to prevent harm, the exaggerated form, that is, anxiety disorders, has more costs than benefits. Likewise, while a panic attack is a normal and useful response in the face of life-threatening danger, a panic disorde...