Exaggerated startle and PTSD symptoms have been investigated primarily in relation to acute or Type I stressors. The present study examined PTSD symptoms and startle eyeblink response in relation to chronic or Type II stressors. Type II stressors were operationally defined as high levels of childhood corporal punishment and high levels of current partner aggression. This study recruited a sampl...

Failures of cooperation cause many of society's gravest problems. It is well known that cooperation among many players faced with a social dilemma can be maintained thanks to the possibility of punishment, but achieving the initial state of widespread cooperation is often much more difficult. We show here that there exist strategies of 'targeted punishment' whereby a small number of punishers c...

I have chosen as the subject of my address " The Prevention and Punishment of Crime," because it is one of interest,, not only to lawyers and statisticians, but to every person who loves his country and would like to see it better and happier than it is. The object of punishment is to prevent the commission of crimes, and punishment should not be resorted to if other means equally efficacious c...

the main question of the article is whether tens, hundreds or large numbers of people participating in the killing of an individual can be punished in retaliation? is this sentence compatible with the spirit of islam and its policy of criminal justice, or with the minimalistic interpretation in favor of the accused? the author hypothesizes and claims that the permission to retaliation against a...

Although humans are typically willing to punish so-called free riders—people who use public resources without contributing to them—most people balk at sanctioning community members who refuse to punish others. Modern societies usually address this threat to collective action by installing central authorities such as police and judicial systems that punish both free riders and individuals who re...

one of the worst phenomena in a muslim’s life is apostasy. an apostate has renounced the faith and denies the principles and precepts of religion after accepting it. if either parent or both are muslims and their child accepted islam after his maturity, but he denied it later, he/she is called a natural apostate. however, if a person was born to a non-muslim family and converted to islam after ...

BACKGROUND Although the history of recognition of child abuse in Europe and North America extends over 40 years, recognition and data are lacking in other parts of the world. Cultural differences in child-rearing complicate cross-cultural studies of abuse. OBJECTIVE To ascertain rates of harsh and less-harsh parenting behavior in population-based samples. METHODS We used parallel surveys of...

OBJECTIVE To determine perceptions of parents about child abuse, and their impact on physical and emotional child abuse. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred parents attending three primary health care centers (PHCCs) in Riyadh serving National Guard employes and their families, were requested to participate in this survey. Data was collected by self administered questionnaire. Five main risk fa...