Recent results strongly challenge the canonical picture of massive star winds: various evidence indicates that currently accepted mass-loss rates, Ṁ, may need to be revised downwards, by factors extending to one magnitude or even more. This is because the most commonly used mass-loss diagnostics are affected by “clumping” (small-scale density inhomogeneities), influencing our interpretation of ...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Proper characterization of the clumped structure of forests is needed for calculation of the absorbed radiation and photosynthetic production by a canopy. This study examined the dependency of crown-level clumping on tree size and growth conditions in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and determined the ability of statistical canopy radiation models to quantify the degree of se...

The foliage clumping index quantifies the degree of the deviation of leaf spatial distribution in the canopy from the random case. It is of comparable importance for ecological models as the leaf area index for quantifying radiation interception and distribution in plant canopies. Previously, an improved angular index named normalized difference between hotspot and darkspot was proposed for ret...

The hot star wind momentum problem η = Ṁ3∞/(L/c) ≫ 1 is revisited, and it is shown that the conventional belief, that it can be solved by a combination of clumping of the wind and multiple scattering of photons, is not self-consistent for optically thick clumps. Clumping does reduce the mass loss rate Ṁ, and hence the momentum supply, required to generate a specified radio emission measure ε, w...

PURPOSE To describe the features of intraretinal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) migration documented on a prototype spectral-domain, high-speed, ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) device in a group of patients with early to intermediate dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to correlate intraretinal RPE migration on OCT to RPE pigment clumping on fundus photograp...

We present the results of Monte Carlo mass-loss predictions for massive stars covering a wide range of stellar parameters. We critically test our predictions against a range of observed massloss rates – in light of the recent discussions on wind clumping. We also present a model to compute the clumping-induced polarimetric variability of hot stars and we compare this with observations of Lumino...

Human fibrmnogen interacts with pathogenic staphylococci, causing their clumping through an unexplained mechanism. We attempted to characterize the interaction between the staphylococcal fibrinogen receptor(s) and the binding region on the fibrmnogen molecule by employing binding studies and the clumping reaction. Binding studies revealed that the Aa chain of human fibrinogen possesses a high a...

The authors previously reported that platelet-clumping substance (SHIMAMOTO and YAMAZAKI, 1958)1) was detected in heparinized plasma from rabbits administered adrenaline or high molecular weight substance such as agar solution and bacterial endotoxin by an intravenous injection.2) The plateletclumping substance also came to be observed in vitro of ter weak acidification of plasma in the presenc...

Two GFC (Generic Flow Control) protocols are currently under study within the CCITT, namely the BT/NTT proposal and the Australian proposal. In this paper, their basic operating principles are recalled. Then, since it has been recognized in earlier studies that Cell Delay Variation, or more precisely cell clumping, has a major impact on peak cell rate control performed in the Usage Parameter Co...

We introduce a novel approach to incremental e-mail categorization based on identifying and exploiting “clumps” of messages that are classified similarly. Clumping reflects the local coherence of a classification scheme and is particularly important in a setting where the classification scheme is dynamically changing, such as in e-mail categorization. We propose a number of metrics to quantify ...