The 3 studies presented here introduce a new measure of the individual-difference form of collectivism. Psychological collectivism is conceptualized as a multidimensional construct with the following 5 facets: preference for in-groups, reliance on in-groups, concern for in-groups, acceptance of in-group norms, and prioritization of in-group goals. Study 1 developed and tested the new measure in...

The authors examined the links between two dimensions that have been useful in understanding cross-cultural differences and similarities, namely, individualism-collectivism (I-C) and value orientations. The authors examined the relations and parallels between the two variables by directly relating them and examining the patterns of relations that both have with a third variable, religiosity. Pa...

the intention of this paper is to define the concept of the spirit of place, and then to identify methods for its preservation in historical urban contexts. in fact, this study seeks to answer the question whether the spirit of the place and its components can be derived from tissue structure to improve? and whether we can weave his old identity in psychological indicators - human behavior foun...

In this paper, we explore the impact of individualism and collectivism on three basic aspects of ethical decision making – the perception of moral problems, moral reasoning, and behavior. We argue that the inclusion of business practices within the moral domain by the individual depends partly upon individualism and collectivism. We also propose a pluralistic approach to postconventional moral ...

The horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism are an important characteristic of cultures. These dimensions have many implications for the ways in which individual learners use and respond to interactive technologies. This article reports on a study that investigated the impact of culture, specifically horizontal individualism (HI), vertical individualism (VI), horizo...

In this paper, we survey our recent work showing theoretically and empirically a link between individualist culture on one hand and long run growth and innovation. The individualism-collectivism cultural dimension is the only one that has a robust effect on measures of long run growth. We survey the cross-cultural psychology culture that finds that the individualism-collectivism cleavage is als...

Models of culture are operationalized as individualism and collectivism and have not given sufficient attention to other organizing axes—especially how a society handles power, dependence, and equality. Shavitt, Lalwani, Zhang, and Torelli (2006) make a significant contribution by first reminding the field of power distance (Hofstede, 1980) and then moving beyond a single factor to highlight be...

The current study aimed to investigate the impact of individualism, collectivism, and hopelessness on substance use. Hopelessness was hypothesized as a mediator between individualism and substance use, and between collectivism and substance use. We tested the hypothesis using a survey of 641 young rural-to-urban migrants in China. Consistent with our hypotheses, individualistic orientation pred...

as applications of spirit in the quranic verses and some hadiths indicate, by spirit is meant other than human spirit. benefitting from quranic verses and hadiths of the infallible-innocent personalities, the present essay speaks of characteristics of spirit and aims at discovering the nature and existential reality of spirit and, thereby, attaining the utmost knowledge of human spirit. accordi...

In psychological research on cultural differences, the distinction between individualism and collectivism has received the lion's share of attention as a fundamental dimension of cultural variation. In recent years, however, these constructs have been criticized as being ill-defined and "a catchall" to represent all forms of cultural differences. The authors argue that there is a conceptual con...