John Duncan, O.B.E.. Harrap 6? Co. Ltd. 6/' The fact that one third of the pupils who leave Secondary Modern and All Age Schools are backward in reading is an alarming one. In his short book, "Backwardness in Reading", John Duncan acknowledges that he has little that is new to tell us of the backward reader, his problems, prevention and cure. Nevertheless, one finds marshalled in this book, mos...

The present paper reports the findings of a study of scholastic backwardness among five to eight year old school going children. 1535 children were screened by their class teachers, of which 10.23% were found to have scholastic backwardness. No gender differences were noticed. The rates of specific difficulties such as reading, writing and arithmetic were found to be 4.69%, 5.15% and 15.96% res...

This paper studies the origins of Ricardian comparative advantage. I develop an endogenous growth model where productivity differences across firms and countries emerge from R&D investment by incumbent firms with heterogeneous R&D capabilities. Less productive firms have an advantage of backwardness and spillovers depend upon the productivity frontier in each country. The theory characterizes h...

Historians and economists have been unaware of environmental constraints and they have considered the low yield per hectare of the main cereals to be an indication of the relative backwardness of Southern Spanish agriculture. This paper proposes a methodology of analysis that integrates environmental and economic variables to explain the differences in crop productivity between Southern Spain a...

This article o¤ers an equilibrium analysis of the in‡uence of insecure property rights on macroeconomic outcomes. The purpose of the analysis is to show how principles of economics without the ideal of the rule of law can deepen our understanding of economic backwardness and development.

Scholastic achievement has become an index of child’s future in this highly competitive world.Unrecognized and unresolved, scholastic backwardness has a lifelong impact on the child and adolescent, affecting school completion, higher education, interpersonal relationships, prospects foremployment, marriage etc. Awareness of the varying causes, methods of presentation and the principles of manag...

Two features of the pamphlet will certainly fulfil that end. First, the description of different types of backward children and the very full reference to the complexity and diversity of causes contributing to backwardness are most illuminating, and secondly, the necessity of flexibility in school organisation, discipline and curricula where the needs of backward children are to be met receives...