The authors of the target paper (Bergmüller et al., 2007) try o bring order into the many forms ‘cooperation’ takes in the atural world by designing a decision tree, most branches of hich have endpoints well known from the cooperation literaure. The advantage of this exercise is that it helps to classify atural phenomena into the correct pigeonhole and relate it to ther natural phenomena of the...

In order to maximize their fitness, individuals aim at choosing territories offering the most appropriate combination of resources. As population size fluctuates in time, the frequency of breeding territory occupancy reflects territory quality. We investigated the relationships between the frequency of territory occupancy (2002-2009) vs. habitat characteristics, prey abundance, reproductive suc...

During the period when females are sexually attractive — but only then — males of certain species of primates, such as chimpanzees, allow females access to resources. Because males are usually dominant over females, such male ‘tolerance’ is explained as a special, reproductive strategy to gain access to females. In this paper a simpler hypothesis is proposed on the basis of an individual-based ...

The purpose of this study was to find out the effect despotic leadership on organizational cynicism both directly and with mediating role moral disengagement. It also posited that identification inversely moderates cynicism. Data collected from SMEs in Gujranwala Division Punjab, Pakistan. sample consisted 280 randomly chosen front line employees nine strata SME manufacturing concerns. To empir...

Background. Physical, visual, chemical, and auditory cues signalling fighting ability have independently evolved in many animal taxa as a means to resolve conflicts without escalating to physical aggression. Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR, i.e., the relative width to height of the face) has been associated with dominance-related phenotypes both in humans and in other primates. In humans, fa...

Dominance style, the level of tolerance displayed by dominant individuals toward subordinate ones, is exhibited along a continuum from despotic to relaxed. It is a useful concept to describe the nature of dominance relationships in macaque species and it bridges among multiple features of dominance hierarchies, aggression, kinship and conflict resolution. Capuchins share many behavioral similar...

European perceptions of the Islamic Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth century have often been read through the prism of Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws (1748). His ‘moral geography’ depicted a despotic and decayed Islamic Ottoman polity in contrast to the dynamism displayed in European states. Montesquieu’s comparisons and contrasts between the Ottoman East and Europe appear to support Edwa...