OBJECTIVE Removal of the anterior clinoid process (ACP) is an essential process in the surgery of giant or complex aneurysms located near the proximal internal carotid artery or the distal basilar artery. An extradural clinoidectomy must be performed within the limits of the meningeal layers surrounding the ACP to prevent morbid complications. To identify the safest method of extradural exposur...

The petrous apex is a pyramid-shaped structure, located medial to the inner ear and the intrapetrous segment of the internal carotid artery. Lesions of the petrous apex can be surgically treated through different surgical routes. Because of the important neurovascular structures located inside the temporal bone, anatomical 3D knowledge is paramount. For this reason, image-guided surgery could r...

BACKGROUND In unaided caudal epidural block (CEB), incorrect needle insertion has been reported to occur in 15% to 38% of attempts. OBJECTIVE To statistically analyze the anatomical variables affecting difficult CEB using ultrasonographic measurement. METHODS Preprocedural ultrasonography was performed and the following measurements were obtained in 146 patients: the distance from the skin ...

BACKGROUND Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) increases after radical prostatectomy are thought to indicate recurrent disease, although some suggest they result from benign prostatic epithelial tissue left at surgical margins. AIMS To investigate whether presence, location, and extent of benign prostatic tissue at radical prostatectomy surgical margins influence patient outcome. METHODS ...

Sacrum is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae and forms the lower part of vertebral column. The opening present at the lower end of sacral canal is known as sacral hiatus. Anatomical variations in morphology and morphometry of sacral hiatus are important clinically as well as surgically. 159 dry clean human Sacra were taken from Department of Anatomy, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Med...

Introduction: Single bony landmark may not help to detect the hiatus properly for caudal epidural block (CEB). The aim of the study was to measure the different aspects of the sacral hiatus and to identify significant anatomical landmarks to locate it. Methods: Different morphometric measurements were taken of one hundred sacra with a Vernier caliper. These measurements may provide a guideline ...

A Holstein heifer with symptoms of dystocia was admitted in the Large Animal Clinic at the University of Tabriz. In the vaginal examination, the fetus was found at posterior presentation and by doing someobstetrical maneuvers, a male calf was delivered. An interesting phenomenon was the presence of two skinsacs in dimensions of 12 × 12 cm and 12 × 18 cm at the right and left upper cervical regi...

Background Dietary habit among vertebrates depends upon the morphological and anatomical structure of tongue.Aim We here compare between morphological, histological aspects tongue Coturnix coturnix (granivorous bird) R. aegyptiacus (fruit-eating mammal).Method Six individuals each species were used; tongues removed, photographed, processed for histological, histochemical, scanning electron micr...