As a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator, brain histamine has a variety of physiological roles in brain functions such as hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal (HPA) activity. Histamine induces the release of ACTH through the activation of hypothalamic neurons containing vasopressin and CRH. Histamine induces the activity of HPA axis directly or indirectly. Endogenous opioids modulate the (HPA) axis ...

OBJECTIVE To review the literature on neurobiological findings related to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunctions associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. METHOD The relevant scientific findings were described according to the date of publication and the characteristics of the studies: preclinical studies, studies on early life violence as a risk factor, and clinical findings r...

Background & Aims: Changing the hormonal output of endocrine glands, diabetes leads to the occurrence of secondary metabolic disorders. Neuropathy, on the other hand, is the most common neurological complication of diabetes which affects the neuroendocrine system, in addition to peripheral and autonomic nervous system, contributing to exacerbation of disease severity. In this line, the present ...

Circadian rhythms in glucocorticoids are the product of interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the mammalian clock gene system. The adrenal clock can generate the glucocorticoid rhythm that in turn synchronizes other peripheral clocks to maintain homeostasis. Stress acutely activates and chronically upregulates the HPA axis, suggesting that the adrenal clock coul...

BACKGROUND Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the first-line therapy in the treatment of persistent asthma. At medium to high doses and prolonged usage, ICS can supresss the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) is a corticotropin-dependent adrenal androgen precursor that is supressible in patients treated with ICS. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the adrenal axi...

What biological processes underlie this “resistance” to cortisol? Because this resistance includes the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis negative feedback regulatory centers in the brain and pituitary gland, this axis is activated to “overcome” or compensate for the glucocorticoid action defect (Figure 1). The production of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine-vas...

Background: Noise pollution is considered as a stressful factor in every day’s life of the industrial world. The present study was designed to investigate the probable effects of different time exposure of noise stress on histomorphometric changes of adrenal gland, plasma cortisol and body weight of the rat. Methods: Sixty adult male Wistar rats were divided into two series of short time noise ...

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis describes a complex set of positive and negative feedback influences between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland.[...].