We propose a comprehensive theory of codemixed discourse, encompassing equivalencepoint and insertional code-switching, palindromic constructions and lexical borrowing. The starting point is a production model of code-switching accounting for empirical observations about switch-point distribution (the equivalence constraint), well-formedness of monolingual fragments, conservation of constituent...

Linguistic borrowing is the phenomenon of transferring linguistic constructions (lexical, phonological, morphological, and syntactic) from a “donor” language to a “recipient” language as a result of contacts between communities speaking different languages. Borrowed words are found in all languages, and—in contrast to cognate relationships—borrowing relationships may exist across unrelated lang...

ran's economy still has a two-digit inflation rate with high fluctuations, which is mainly caused by fiscal dominance. According to the relevant literature, the most important fiscal dominance mechanism is borrowing from the central bank. After prohibiting direct borrowing from the Central Bank by Iran's government, the budget deficits are partially addressed by off-budgeting operations, achiev...

A special numeral system rumi has been in use in North Africa since the Xe century. It remained in use until the XVIIe century. This system has been especially used in the administration of the city of Fez in Morocco. It has also been used in Al-Andalusians, Spain, starting from the XIIe century. The forms of the digits are quiet di erent from the Arabic or the Arabic-Indic digits in use today....