BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that dual cigarette and water pipe use is growing among minority groups, particularly among Arab Americans. Differences in nicotine dependence and barriers to smoking cessation among such dual smokers have not been previously examined in this population. We examined potential differences that might exist between exclusive cigarette smokers and dual smokers (cigarett...

Concentric mixing experiments with velocity ratios of up to 6 have been completed using hardwood pulp of 1.0, 1.9, and 2.9% consistency and water. Qualitative observations reveal that by increasing the velocity ratio, the inner jet spread angle is found to be larger (i.e., the jet spreads faster) and the downstream mixing region is more uniform. Furthermore, local consistency measurements show ...

Understanding the major controls on water flow and solute transport at the hillslope scale remains a major topic of research despite numerous hillslope experiments at different sites around the world. For example, the influence of lateral preferential flow due to pipes or macropores in the subsurface flow is still unresolved. Experiments show the often paradoxical finding of fast entry of event...

Sprinkler selection influences the water distribution uniformity of center pivot irrigation systems. The sprinkling uniformity of the center pivot is crucial for the yield and quality of crops on a large scale. Rotating and fixed spray plate sprinklers (RSPSs and FSPSs) are the two most popular types. However, sprinkler selection is mainly based on price, not on differences in performance betwe...

The Modified Arkansas Off-Stream Reservoir Analysis (MARORA) model estimates the economics of on-farm reservoirs and other water conservation improvements in alternative ground water situations. With restricted ground water supply, a combination of different water conservation methods is estimated to provide the greatest economic return. On-farm reservoirs are not economical if ground water is ...

Some microfungi are known to be opportunistic human pathogens, and there is a body of scientific opinion that one of their routes of infection may be water aerosols. Others have been implicated as causative agents of odours and off-tastes in drinking water. This study was undertaken to investigate three potential sources of microfungi in a treated, oligotrophic municipal water supply system in ...

An algorithm for the detection and location of sudden bursts in water distribution networks combining both continuous monitoring of pressure and hydraulic transient computation is presented. The approach is designed for medium and large bursts that are the result of the sudden rupture of the pipe wall or other physical element in the network and are accompanied by the transient pressure wave th...

In the construction process of a plastic concrete cut-off wall, concreting is usually performed using the termie pipe method. In this method, concreting is performed from the lowest point in the excavated trench (containing the slurry) using a funnel and the pipe connected to it. The concrete poured in the funnel gradually settles in the panel through the termie pipe which is beneath the slurry...