Latent variable models are common in the social sciences to measure ideal points of U.S. Senators, countries’ “level of democracy” or the relationships between latent attitudes and values across countries, for instance. Because differences in measurement parameters can be confounded with substantively interesting differences, measurement invariance or “equivalence” is a prerequisite for cross-g...

To examine the effects of nonlocal thermoelastic parameters in a nanoscale semiconductor material, novel model with variable thermal conductivity is provided this study. The photothermal diffusion (PTD) processes chemical action are utilized framework governing equations. When elastic, thermal, and plasma waves interact, continuum theory used to create model. For main formulations get analytica...

The methodology and software tools for multi-level thermal and electro-thermal design of electronic components are presented. The discussion covers 2D/3D constructions of: 1) discrete and integrated semiconductor devices; 2) monolithic and hybrid ICs and VLSIs; 3) Hybrid ICs, MCMs and PCBs. The actual test validation using IR thermal measurement is demonstrated for all types of components.

An improved thermal-needle approach for accurate and fast measurement of thermal conductivity of aqueous and soft biomaterials was developed using microfabricated thermal conductivity sensors. This microscopic measuring device was comprehensively characterized at temperatures from 0 °C to 40 °C. Despite the previous belief, system calibration constant was observed to be highly temperature-depen...

BACKGROUND Monitoring core body temperature to identify heat stress in first responders and in individuals participating in mass gatherings (e.g., marathons) is difficult. OBJECTIVE This study utilized high-sensitivity thermal imaging technology to predict the core temperature of human subjects at a distance while performing simulated field operations wearing thermal protective garments. ME...

The motion of temperature dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity of steady incompressible laminar free convective (MHD) non-Newtonian Casson fluid flow over an exponentially stretching surface embedded in a thermally stratified medium are investigated. It is assumed that natural convection is induced by buoyancy and exponentially decaying internal heat generation across the space. The dim...