Ruminal ciliates have been grown in continuous culture in chemically defined media and in the absence of viable bacteria. Oligotrichic ruminal ciliates seem to require insoluble carbohydrates for growth; the holotrichic ciliates require soluble carbohydrates, but at low concentrations. Both groups of ciliates utilize amino acids as their principal nitrogen source when these are supplied in micr...

The incidence of temperate bacteriophage in a wide range of ruminal bacteria was investigated by means of induction with mitomycin C. Supernatant liquid from treated cultures was examined for phagelike particles by using transmission electron microscopy. Of 38 ruminal bacteria studied, nine organisms (23.7%) representing five genera (Eubacteria, Bacteroides, Butyrivibrio, Ruminococcus, and Stre...

Three Holstein heifers and one nonlactating cow, fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were arranged in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of degree of fat saturation on ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestion and microbial protein synthesis and to determine whether changes in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were related to protozoal populations in the rum...

Eight ruminally cannulated Holstein bull calves were used in a switchback design to evaluate effects of hay on postprandial changes in ruminal pH, ammonia and VFA, blood ketones, and plasma glucose, NEFA, VFA, and urea N. Calves were fed 4.5 kd/d of calf starter with or without hay for ad libitum consumption. Blood and ruminal fluid were sampled every 2 h for 12 h on d 21 (periods 1 and 2) or d...

BACKGROUND The efficacy of particulate and non-particulate steroids in patients receiving epidural steroid injections remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy of particulate and non-particulate steroids in patients receiving epidural injections for radicular pain over 3 months. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We rev...

The objectives of this study were to determine the interaction of feeding dry (DDGS) or modified wet (MDGS) distillers grains with solubles (DGS) with or without supplemental CaO on in situ DM and NDF disappearance; ruminal pH, VFA, and methane concentration; and cellulase and xylanase activity. Fistulated steers (n = 8; average initial BW = 540 ± 250 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin s...

The objective of this study was to determine the effects substituting barley grain with short-season, high-moisture shelled corn, and silage snaplage on ruminal fermentation site extent digestion in beef cattle fed finishing diets. Six ruminally duodenally cannulated heifers (420 ± 16.4 kg body weight) were a diet (BG), where half replaced corn (HC), or portion (SN) replicated 3 × Latin square ...

Ergot alkaloids cause fescue toxicosis when livestock graze endophyte-infected tall fescue. It is generally accepted that ergovaline is the toxic component of endophyte-infected tall fescue, but there is no direct evidence to support this hypothesis. The objective of this study was to examine relative and potential transport of ergoline and ergopeptine alkaloids across isolated gastric tissues ...

Three ruminally and duodenally cannulated non-lactating Finnish Ayrshire cows were used to investigate ruminal and intestinal digestion of cell-wall carbohydrates by a combined in situ method. Five grasses cut at 10 d intervals were incubated in the rumen for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, and the undegraded residues were exposed to intestinal digestion. With advancing maturity of grass both th...

WebRTC is a new technology allowing web players to offer communication services to their customers. It optimizes the communications by privileging peer-to-peer connections. However, in restrictive networks, media relays (TURN servers) are mandatory for establishing the call. The location and behavior of these media relays can have an undesirable influence on the quality of real-time communicati...