The paper proposed a model for estimating waiting endurance times of electric two-wheelers at signalized intersections using survival analysis method. Waiting duration times were collected by video cameras and they were assigned as censored and uncensored data to distinguish between normal crossing and red-light running behavior. A Cox proportional hazard model was introduced, and variables rev...

Though mountain bikers are at significant risk for overuse injury, there is minimal quality research describing this relationship. Single-speed mountain biking, in which participants pedal a bike with only a single gear, may place riders at even greater risk for overuse problems due to the disproportionate physical effort associated with this type of riding. The focus of this study was to provi...

INTRODUCTION Motorcycle users involved in crashes are likely to die or be severely injured due to high frequency of head, chest and leg injuries. We carried out a descriptive cross sectional study to determine crash characteristics and injury patterns among motorcycle users attending Kitale district hospital, Kenya. METHODS Motorcycle trauma patients were recruited between 1(st) August 2013 a...

Casual evidence as well as daily experience suggest that many people have a strong aversion against being the "sucker" in social dilemma situations. As a consequence, those who cooperate may be willing to punish free-riding, even if this is costly for them and even if they cannot expect future benefits from their punishment activities. A main purpose of this paper is to show experimentally that...

Today the number of international cycling races has increased markedly compared with the past, and inevitably there are many riders traveling all over the world to participate in these events. It is inevitable that riders often become exposed to many more drugs at the cycling venues or through the internet where a wide selection of drugs is available. According to Union Cycliste Internationale ...

OBJECTIVE To describe the methods, characteristics of participants, and report on the preliminary findings of a longitudinal study of cyclists. DESIGN Web-based survey to establish a cohort of cyclists. SETTING Participants in the largest mass-participation bicycle event in New Zealand, the Wattyl Lake Taupo Cycle Challenge. PARTICIPANTS 2469 riders who had enrolled online in the 2006 Wat...

We provide algorithms to solve the free riders problem in broadcast encryption. In this problem, the broadcast server is allowed to choose some small subset F of the revoked set R of users to allow to decrypt the broadcast, despite having been revoked. This may allow the server to significantly reduce network traffic while only allowing a small set of non-privileged users to decrypt the broadca...

PURPOSE Motorcycle crash helmets do not totally prevent head and facial trauma. The aim of this study was to investigate if protection offered by helmets differs according to helmet type. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, outpatient records of motorcyclists were analyzed for the Facial Injury Severity Scale (FISS), traumatic brain injury (TBI), facial fractures, and he...

The dial-a-ride problem is a classic challenge in transportation and continues to be relevant across a large spectrum of applications, e.g. door-to-door transportation services, patient transportation, etc. Recently a new variant of the dial-a-ride problem, called ride-sharing, has received attention due to emergence of the use of smartphone-based applications that support location-aware transp...

Cycling behavior remains a key issue for explaining several traffic causalities occurring every day. However, recent studies have shown how the assessment of own safety-related behaviors on road may substantially differ from third parties assess them. Thus, aim this study was to evaluate differences between cyclists’ self-reported and proxy-reported that other (non-cyclist) users perceive bike ...