Abstract This article examines de jure language officialization policies in Andorra and Luxembourg, addresses how these are discursively reproduced, sustained or challenged by members of resident migrant communities the two countries. Although countries bear similarities their small size, extensive multilingualism pride place accorded to ‘small’ languages Catalan Luxembourgish respectively, the...

Stowe (1989) reported that semantic information eliminates garden paths in sentences with the direct-object vs. subject ambiguity, such as Even before the police stopped the driver was very frightened. Three experiments are presented which addressed some methodological problems in Stowe's study. Experiment 1, using a word-by-word, self-paced reading task with grammaticality judgements, manipula...

aim and background: the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive intelligence and ambiguity tolerance with entrepreneurship of west azarbayjan payam noor university students, iran. methods and materials: this cross-sectional correlational research was conducted during 2010-2011 academic years. 1122 student (672 female and 450 male) were selected using stratifi...

The objective of this paper is to show how ambiguity, and a decision maker (DM)’s response to it, can be modelled formally in the context of a general decision model. We introduce a relation derived from the DM’s preferences, called ‘‘unambiguous preference’’, and show that it can be represented by a set of probabilities. We provide such set with a simple differential characterization, and argu...

A central issue in the study of sentence processing is the manner in which various sources of information are used in resolving structural ambiguities. According to one proposal, the garden path model (e.g., Frazier & Rayner, 1982), perceivers are initially guided by strategies based solely on the structural properties of sentences. Another class of models, constraint satisfaction mod~ls, empha...

According to the well-known distinction attributed to Knight (1921), there are two kinds of uncertainty. The first, called “risk,” corresponds to situations in which all events relevant to decision making are associated with obvious probability assignments (which every decision maker agrees to). The second, called “(Knightian) uncertainty” or (following Ellsberg (1961)) “ambiguity,” corresponds...