Immunotherapies involving chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and checkpoint inhibitors, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antagonists, have shown promise in treating cancer. The combined benefits of these medicines are yet not fully understood. In this work, it was discovered that human CAR become hypo-functional due to the expression ligand (PD-L1) on tumor cells, which reduc...

Prolonged survival and durable responses in several late-stage cancers such as melanoma lung cancer have been made possible with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1. While it is prudent to focus on unprecedented clinical responses, there are subsets patients that do not respond immunotherapies early then relapse later. Man...

Programmed cell death is a highly regulated form of cell death, mostly distinguished by the activation of a family of cystein-aspartate proteases (caspases) that cleave various proteins resulting in morphological and biochemical changes characteristic of this form of cell death. Several recent studies have addressed the role of programmed cell death in inflammatory and chronic pain states. Casp...