AMIGA (Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array) is an upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory designed to extend its energy range of detection and to directly measure the muon content of the cosmic ray primary particle showers. The array will be formed by an infill of surface water-Cherenkov detectors associated with buried scintillation counters employed for muon counting. Each counter is ...

In this world of digital displays, almost all transducers generate analog signals. Whatever the device, whether it is making electrical, magnetic, mechanical, or optical measurements, i-ts output signal is likely to be analog rather than digital. One of the few exceptions is the photomultiplier tube (PMT). Its digital nature stems from the 1905 discovery by Einstein that the ejection of electro...

A graphical program was created, to simplify the acquisition of data and data conversion from bin to ASCII, for data obtained by a Stanford Research Multichannel Scaler/Averager (SR430). The SR430 receives the data in the form of pulses from a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The PMT serves as the detector in a pulsed laser spectroscopy experiment. The program was created in LabVIEW TM which was dev...

Introduction Avalanche photodiode detectors (APD) have and will continue to be used in many diverse applications such as laser range finders, data communications or photon correlation studies. This paper discusses APD structures, critical performance parameter and excess noise factor. For low-light detection in the 200to 1150-nm range, the designer has three basic detector choices the silicon P...

The sensitivity of a possible future 1 Megaton water Cherenkov detector for proton decay searches was studied. For p e π0 decay mode, the detection efficiency and the number of atmospheric neutrino backgrounds were estimated by using a detailed Monte Carlo simulation program. Moreover, their dependence on the number density of the photomultiplier tube (PMT) was investigated. With the PMT densit...

In this paper, we examine the simulations of two different applications of a Picosecond time-of-flight (TOF) detector. The system uses Cherenkov light created in the window of the photomultiplier tube (PMT) as the detecting medium. We examine the possibilities of using GEANT4 [1], and of using the simulation package called Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) [2]. With some simple...

This work examines the potential use of two scintillation detectors for in-situ measurements of alpha and beta particles at various depths in soil. Use of an organic (plastic) scintillator was investigated for beta-particle measurements and a ZnS(Ag) inorganic scintillator was investigated for alpha-particle measurements. Each detector was connected to a photomultiplier tube by varying light-gu...

The performance of a multianode photomultiplier tube (MAPMT) with 64 anodes coupled to scintillating fibers has been examined. Such a detector system can be used in a pairproduction gamma-ray telescope as well as in other applications. The characteristics of these tubes (Hamamatsu R5900-00-M64) are presented including single photoelectron sensitivity, electrical and optical cross-talk, and dark...

Introduction According to present theory, the nuclear processes in the sun give off vast quantities of neutrinos-Experiments confirm the production of these particles, but fail to detect the quantity predicted by theory. The most recent experiments have found a maximum of two thirds the expected number of neutrinos. The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory is being constructed to accurately determine t...

One contribution to the time resolution of a scintillation detector is the signal time spread due to path length variations of the detected photons from a point source. In an experimental study a rectangular scintillator was excited by means of a fast pulsed ultraviolet laser at different positions along its longitudinal axis. Timing measurements with a photomultiplier tube in a detection plane...