Antidromic stimulation of the trigeminal nerve produces an irritative response in the rabbit eye characterized by ipsilateral miosis, hyperemia, elevated intraocular pressure, and a disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier. The latter is a bilateral effect. The mediator or mediators involved in this response of the eye are unknown. Increased ATP levels in aqueous humor could be found after trige...

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a promising vector for retinal application as it transduces photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium cells efficiently and in a stable fashion. Because rAAV also transduces retinal ganglion cells, we reasoned that ocular application of rAAV might result in delivery of transgenic protein to the CNS. Here we describe high levels of green fluoresce...

A 58-year-old man reported sudden-onset binocular double vision that appeared 3 days earlier. He denied history of headache/cervical pain or trauma. He had a medical history of well-controlled diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Neurological examination revealed a left-sided ptosis and binocular horizontal diplopia in dextroversion without apparent extraocular-muscle paresis or pupillary ...

Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae affecting primarily skin and nerves. Leprosy is an important clinical problem and is also a challenging diagnostic problem for clinicians. Clinically, leprosy might at times be diffi cult to be distinguished from lupus vulgaris. We report a 70-year-old woman who showed a well-demarcated erythematous e...

Transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP) is a rare, progressive, life-threatening, hereditary disorder caused by mutations in the transthyretin gene and characterized by extracellular deposition of transthyretin-derived amyloid fibrils in peripheral and autonomic nerves, heart, and other organs. TTR-FAP is frequently diagnosed late because the disease is difficult to recognize du...

Behçet disease is a systemic inflammatory perivasculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of oral and genital ulcers associated with skin and ocular lesions. Neurological involvement occurs in 5 to 10% of the cases, and isolated meningeal involvement is very uncommon. We report a 21 years old man with a Behçet disease and a history of acute meningeal syndrome in two previous crises and menin...

BACKGROUND Pituitary adenoma may present with neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and, typically, rapid tumor expansion is the result of apoplexy. Herein, we present the first case of an isolated sixth cranial nerve palsy as initial feature of a rapidly expanding ACTH positive silent tumor without apoplexy. CASE PRESENTATION A 44 year old female with a history of sarcoidosis presented with an iso...

Darier-White disease (also known as Darier disease or keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans) is a rare dominantly inherited skin disorder characterized by firm, scaly, cutaneous papules and plaques distributed over various regions of the body. Histopathologic and electron microscopic studies of biopsied skin specimens have revealed a loss of cell to cell adhesion and abnormal differentiati...

The present case reports the bilateral anopthalmia in a five day old male graded Murrah buffalo calf. The eyelids were closed and the eyeballs were not visible. The eyelids were undersized, upper eyelid had long cilia but the lower eye lid lack cilia. The palpebral fissure was so small as to prevent retraction of the eyelids at five days old. At three months old the size of the right palpebral ...

In view of all the reported evidence by electromyography in the 1970s, by histology in the 1980s, and by cerebral imagery since the 2000s, Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) has been described as the consequence of a congenital anomaly of the 6th cranial nerve nuclei with aberrant innervations by supply from the 3rd cranial nerve. Both genetic and environmental factors are likely to play a role wh...