In gaseous state, the particles are randomly distributed in free space. There is no correlation between the particles that move in independent trajectories bouncing off of each other. The gases can not be seen because average distance between particles is larger than the wave length of visible light. In liquids, the particles are also distributed randomly in space but with specific correlation ...

In the recent years we have learned that light quarks play a crucial role in QCD-like theories, transforming it to many different phases. We review what is known about them, both from lattice and non-lattice approaches. A particularly simple mechanism of the QCD chiral restoration phase transition is discussed first: it suggests that it is a transition from randomly placed tunneling events (ins...

This new method which is worked out in Isfahan University of Technology, makes it possible to analyze the phases quantitatively in minerals and powdered materials by X Ray Diffraction and without any reference material. To identify n unknown phases, n different combinations of phases, from fine and coarse fractions, or etc., must be obtained. Amorphous phases should not exist. Intensity ratios ...