Decision-making typically requires judgments about causal relations: we need to know the causal e§ects of our actions and the causal relevance of various environmental factors. We investigate how several individualsí causal judgments can be aggregated into collective causal judgments. First, we consider the aggregation of causal judgments via the aggregation of probabilistic judgments, and iden...

A developing memory requires a mechanism for deciding how much information to gather, based on what is currently represented in memory. That is, we need to know when we have seen enough to say we have or have not seen this before, or that we need to continue collecting data. We present a novel statistical approach to this decision mechanism. This serves as the foundation for a simple visual obj...

In secure communications networks there are a great number of user behavioral problems, which need to be dealt with. Curious players pose a very real and serious threat to the integrity of such a network. By traversing a network a Curious player could uncover secret information, which that user has no need to know, by simply posing as a loyalty check. Loyalty checks are done simply to gauge the...

Microorganims of the bovine rumen fluid biocatalyzed the reduction of nitro-compound substrates to yield the respective amines. This enzymatic process, using ruminal contents, has rarely been reported in association with the bioreduction of nitro groups. The biotransformation reactions catalyzed by this system were dependent of both the electronic characteristics and the area/volume of the nitr...

This paper, directed at researchers in linguistics, introduces three key aspects of musical rhythm and time for their consideration: (1) the distinction between groups of durations (i.e., acoustical events in the world) and our endogenous sense of beats and beat cycles, that is, musical meter; (2) the active nature of rhythmic perception and cognition, which involves both innate and enculturate...

This paper provides a brief overview of what is currently known about families of children with Down syndrome. In addition, it highlights a number of issues that require further research if we are to have a thorough understanding of the impact of a child with Down syndrome on families as a system and on the individuals who make up that system. Some of these issues include the need for: 1) a mor...

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Aviation display system designers and evaluators need to know how discriminable displayed symbols will be over a wide range of conditions to assess the adequacy and effectiveness of flight display systems. If flight display symbols are to be safely recognized by pilots, it is necessary that they can be easily discriminated from each other. Sometimes psychophysical measurements can answer this q...

The selection of the minimal number of observers that ensures the maximum visual coverage over an area represented by a digital elevation model (DEM) have great interest in many fields, e.g., telecommunications, environment planning, among others. However, this problem is complex and intractable when the number of points of the DEM is relatively high. This complexity is due to three issues: 1) ...

It is widely recognized that we need to know more about effects of class size on classroom interactions and pupil behavior. This paper extends research by comparing effects on pupil classroom engagement and teacherepupil interaction, and examining if effects vary by pupil attainment level and between primary and secondary schools. Systematic observations were carried out on 686 pupils in 49 sch...