BACKGROUND Screw-rod constructs have been widely used to correct spinal deformities, but the effects of different screw-rod systems on anti-rotational torque have not been determined. This study aimed to analyze the biomechanical effect of different rod-screw constructs on anti-rotational torque. METHODS Three conventional spinal screw-rod systems (Legacy, RF-F-10 and USSII) were used to test...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to report the comparative results of thoracoscopic correction achieved via cantilever technique using a 4.5 mm thin rod and the poly-axial reduction screw technique using a 5.5 mm thick rod in Lenke type 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Radiographic data, Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) patient-based outcome questionnaires, a...

Microglia are the resident phagocytic cells with various functions in the central nervous system, and the morphologies of microglia imply the different stages and functions. In optical nerve transection (ONT) model in the retina, the retrograde degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) induces microglial activations to a unique morphology termed "rod" microglia. A few studies described the ...

We have conducted a comprehensive analysis of the relative timing of the terminal mitosis and the onset of rhodopsin expression in rod precursors in the rat retina in vivo. This analysis demonstrated that there are two distinct phases of rod development during retinal histogenesis. For the majority of rod precursors, those born on or after embryonic day 19 (E19), the onset of rhodopsin expressi...

Weissenberg observed that when a rod is rotated in a complex fluid, the fluid will climb the rod. When revolutions per time are sufficiently large, climbing ceases and oscillations on the fluid surface begin. Previous studies of this phenomena focus on the regime prior to oscillation; however, this study focuses on understanding these oscillations. By performing a harmonic analysis, wave featur...

A facile approach is reported to process rod-coil block copolymers (BCPs) into highly ordered nanostructures in a rapid, low-energy process. By introducing a selective plasticizer into the rod-coil BCPs during annealing, both the annealing temperature and time to achieve thermodynamic equilibrium and highly ordered structures can be decreased. This process improvement is attributed to enhanced ...

PURPOSE To study the slow and fast rod signals of the scotopic 15-Hz flicker ERG in patients carrying mutations in the NYX gene, which has been recently identified as the cause of the complete form of congenital stationary night blindness, CSNB1. METHODS Twenty eyes of 11 patients with CSNB1 who had nondetectable standard ERG rod b-waves were involved in the study. Scotopic ERG response ampli...

We report the first experimental realization of a rod diffusing in a two dimensional obstacle field following the single rod dynamics. We use a silver nanowire as our rod and two types of obstacles: repelling light beams and polymer pillars. We study the effect of hydrodynamic interactions on the transport of the rod, comparing both experimental realizations and recent simulations. We propose a...

In successive scotopic color contrast, a colored adapting field induces a hue into a successively presented, purely rod-detected test field. To determine the rod influence on hue perception, a comparison was made, for both spectral matches and hue names, between photopic and scotopic color contrast hues produced by the same adapting fields adjusted to each of the four unique hues. Rod signals e...