The Wisconsin glaciation was started a approximately 125,000 years ago and reached its lowest extend between 20,000 to 21,000 years ago during which the sea level fell 120 to 130 meter. At the end of the ice age, about 18,000 years ago, the sea level increased and reached its present level about 5,000 years ago. The Persian Gulf was exposed in the last glacial moment (LGM). After this moment, t...

We discuss the coupling processes between surface gravity waves and adjacent winds and currents in turbulent boundary layers. These processes mediate exchanges of momentum, heat, and gases between the atmosphere and ocean and thus are of global significance for climate. Surface waves grow primarily by pressure-form stress from airflow over the waveforms, and they dissipate in the open sea by wa...

AbilityofPseudoalteromonas tunicata to colonizenatural bio¢lms and its e¡ectonmicrobial communitystructure Dhana Rao, Torben Skovhus, Niina Tujula, Carola Holmström, Ingela Dahllöf , Jeremy S. Webb & Staffan Kjelleberg School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Marine Biofouling and Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biologica...

An improved model is developed for the dependency of surface turbulent stress on wave characteristics. Recent studies have used differences between satellite and in situ observations to gain insights into the physical processes that might be related to air-sea interaction. Both scatterometers and buoys provide very accurate measurements of wind speed. Differences between these measurements can ...

The zonal winds on the surfaces of giant planets vary with latitude. Jupiter and Saturn, for example, have several bands of alternating eastward (prograde) and westward (retrograde) jets relative to the angular velocity of their global magnetic fields. These surface wind profiles are likely manifestations of the variations in depth and latitude of angular velocity deep within the liquid interio...

A model of surface waves generated on deep water by strong winds is proposed. A two-layer approximation is adopted, in which a shallow turbulent layer overlies the lower, infinitely deep layer. The dynamics of the upper layer, which is directly exposed to the wind, are nonlinear and coupled to the linear dynamics in the deep fluid. The authors demonstrate that in such a system there exist stead...

We discuss the likely sources of turbulence in the ISM and explicitly calculate the detailed grand source function for the conventional sources of turbulence from supernovae, superbubbles, stellar winds and HII regions. We nd that the turbulent pumping due to the grand source function is broad band, consequently expanding the inertial range of the cascade. We investigate the general properties ...